1. Ch 5-6 Early Society in East Asia
Chapter 5
Early Society in East Asia
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

2. The Earliest Dynasties
Ch 5-6
The Earliest Dynasties
Xia
ca B.C.E.
Organized through village network
Hereditary monarchy
Flood control
Shang
B.C.E.
Zhou
B.C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

3. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Shang Dynasty
Bronze metallurgy
State monopoly
Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles
Large armies
Political organization: network of fortified cities, loyal to center
1000 cities
Capital moved six times
Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin
Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

4. Shang Dynasty Burial Practices
Ch 5-6
Shang Dynasty Burial Practices
Hierarchical social structure
Burials alongside deceased member of ruling class
Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves
Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions
Later replaced by statuary, often monumental
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

5. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Zhou Dynasty, B.C.E.
No law codes: rule by decree
“Mandate of heaven”
Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang leadership
Decentralization of authority
Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on bronze
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

6. Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
Ch 5-6
Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
Decentralized leadership style allows for building of regional powers
Increasing local independence, refusal to pay Zhou taxes
Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation of weaponry
Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty, beginning eighth century B.C.E.
Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring States ( B.C.E.)
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

7. China During the Period of the Warring States, 403-221 B.C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

8. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Social Order
Ruling classes great advantage
Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle
Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues
Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry
Hereditary privilege
Support class of artisans, craftsmen
Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class
Large class of semi-servile peasants
Slave class
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

9. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Family and Patriarchy
Devotion to family, ancestor veneration
Connection of spirit world to physical world
Ritual sacrifices
Father ritual head of family rites
Earlier prominence of individual female leaders fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

10. Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing
Used for communicating with spirit world, determining future
Question written on animal bones, turtle shells
Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens
Early archaeological evidence of Chinese writing
Evolution of Chinese script
Pictograph to ideograph
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

11. Oracle Bone from Shang Dynasty
Ch 5-6
Oracle Bone from Shang Dynasty
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

12. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Zhou Literature
The reflections of Confucius
Book of Changes
Manual for divination
Book of History
Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites)
Book of Songs
Little survived
Often written on perishable bamboo strips
Many destroyed by emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

13. Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia
Ch 5-6
Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia
Steppe nomads
Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities
Horses domesticated ca B.C.E., bronze metallurgy in 2900 B.C.E.
Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in China
Tensions: frequent raiding
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

14. Ch 5-6 Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania
Chapter 6
Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

15. Early Mesoamerican Societies, 1200 B.C.E.-1100 C.E.
Ch 5-6
Early Mesoamerican Societies, B.C.E C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

16. Origins of Mesoamerican Societies
Ch 5-6
Origins of Mesoamerican Societies
Migration across Bering land bridge?
Probably 13,000 B.C.E., perhaps earlier
By sea from Asia?
By 9500 B.C.E. reached southernmost part of South America
Hunter/gatherer societies
Evolve into agricultural societies
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

17. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Olmecs
B.C.E.
The “rubber people”
Ceremonial centers
San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes
Olmec heads
Up to 10 ft. tall, 20 tons
Transported by dragging, rolling on logs
1000 workers per head
Agriculture and Herding
Staple: maize
Herding: turkeys, barkless dogs
Both food
No draft animals
No development of wheeled vehicles
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

18. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Olmec Society
Probably authoritarian in nature
Large class of conscripted laborers to construct ceremonial sites
Also tombs for rulers, temples, pyramids, drainage systems
Mysterious Decline of the Olmecs
Ceremonial centers destroyed
No evidence of warfare
Revolution?
Civil war?
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

19. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Maya
Huge cities discovered in nineteenth century
300 B.C.E.-900 C.E.
Terrace farming
Maize
Cotton
Cacao beans
Chocolate
Currency
Major ceremonial center at Tikal
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

20. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Maya Warfare
Warfare for purposes of capturing enemy soldiers
Ritual sacrifice of enemies
Enslavement
Small kingdoms engage in constant conflict until Chichén Itzá begins to absorb captives
Some nevertheless choose death
Center of empire develops
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

21. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Maya Ritual Calendar
Complex math
Invention of “zero”
Calendar of days (17 seconds off)
Solar calendar of 365 days
Ritual calendar of 260 days
Management of calendar lends authority to priesthood
Timing of auspicious moments for agriculture
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

22. Maya Language and Religion
Ch 5-6
Maya Language and Religion
Ideographs and a syllable alphabet
Most writings destroyed by Spanish conquerors
Deciphering work began in 1960s
Popol Vuh: Maya creation myth
Agricultural cycle maintained in exchange for honors and sacrifices
Bloodletting rituals
Human sacrifices follow after removal of fingers, piercing to allow blood flow
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

23. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
The Maya Ball Game
Ritual game
High-ranking captives, prisoners of war contestants
Execution of losers immediately follows the match
Bloodletting ritual for the gods
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

24. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
City of Teotihuacan
Highlands of Mexico
Lakes in area of high elevation
Village of Teotihuacan, 500 B.C.E., expands to large agricultural city
Important ceremonial center
Extensive trade network, influenced surrounding areas
Begins to decline ca. 650 C.E., sacked in middle of eighth century, burned city
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

25. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Andean Societies
Migration into South America ca. 12,000 B.C.E.
Climate improves ca B.C.E.
Largely independent from Mesoamerica
Highly individualized due to geography
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

26. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Chavín Cult
New religion in central Andes, B.C.E.
Little known about particulars of religion
Intricate stone carvings
Cult may have arisen when maize became an important crop
During this era Andean society became increasingly complex
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

27. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
The Mochica State
Valley of the Moche River
Dominated northern Peru, C.E.
Painting survives
One of many states in region, none able to consolidate into empire
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

28. Early Societies of Oceania, 1500 B.C.E.-700 C.E.
Ch 5-6
Early Societies of Oceania, 1500 B.C.E.-700 C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

29. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Oceania
Prehistoric land bridges, lower seas permit migration
Outrigger canoes for open-sea travel
Early hunter-gatherer societies in Australia
Early agriculture in New Guinea
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

30. Aborigine of the Naomi Tribe
Ch 5-6
Aborigine of the Naomi Tribe
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1

31. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ch 5-6
Lapita Peoples
Found throughout Pacific islands
Agriculture, animal herding
Political organization based on chiefdoms
Trade over open ocean declines 500 B.C.E.
Greater independence of settlements
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Period 1