Artificial Intelligence (Lecture 1)

Topics What is Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) Course Overview What is Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) Schools of Thought Intelligent Machine Success Criteria

Course Overview Introduction Historical Foundations Problem Solving by Searching Logic Programming & Prolog Machine Learning Knowledge Representation Expert Systems (Knowledge Based Systems) Neural Networks (Biological Networks) Genetic Algorithms (Evolutionary Models of Intelligence) Natural Language Processing Computer Vision Intelligent Agents

Intelligence Intelligence is the most distinctive characteristic of mankind. Intelligence is defined in different ways like: To be rational mind (Making decisions and logically thinking things out) Ability of understanding Quickness of understanding Intelligence could be defined as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

Intelligence Intelligence is the ability to form plans to achieve goals by interacting with an information-rich environment •   Intelligence encompasses abilities such as:          i.  Understanding language           ii. Perception          iii. Reasoning          iv.  Learning These endless flawed definitions prove troublesome if trying to recreate intelligence.

Intelligence There are so many questions that lead the researchers towards the birth of Artificial Intelligence. Some important questions are… ·  What does mean intelligence? ·  Is intelligence a single faculty, or is it just name of collection of distinct and unrelated abilities? ·  To what extent is intelligence learned as opposed to having a prior existence? ·  Exactly, what does happen when learning occurs? ·  What is creativity? ·  What is intuition? (“in to you”) Intuition is an incredible resource and gift that we have been given to help us live our best life. ·  What is self-awareness and what role does it play in intelligence?

Cont. . Can intelligence be inferred from observable behaviors? · Or does it require evidence of a particular mechanism? · How is knowledge represented in the nerve tissue of a living being? · And what lessons does this have for the design of intelligent machines? · Is it possible to achieve intelligence on a computer? · Or does an intelligent entity require the richness of sensation and experience that might be found only in a biological existence? Is intelligent behavior the same for a computer and a human?

Artificial Intelligence AI is the study of how to make computers do things, which at the moment people can do better. •   A branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior of human beings. •   A branch of computer science that is concerned with the development of a thinking machine. (Teach the machines how to think and they can think). •    A field of study in computer science that chases the goal of making a computer reason in a manner similar to humans. •    It involves the design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently.

Artificial Intelligence •   AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent. •   AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer systems that exhibit(Show outwardly) human intelligence. •    AI is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by people. It is the collection of problems and methodologies studied by AI researchers.

Artificial Intelligence •  AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behaviour-understanding language, learning, reasoning and solving problems. •   Artificial Intelligence is based on Sound theoretical & applied principals of computer science such as Data structures used for knowledge representation, Algorithms needed to apply that knowledge, Languages and Programming techniques used in their implementation.

Weak AI Versus Strong AI Schools of Thought Weak AI Versus Strong AI As discussed earlier, AI is considered to be an effort to try to simulate human behavior. But, the need is to define up to what extend the computer should demonstrate the simulation raising the idea of strong AI and weak AI

Weak AI Versus Strong AI Strong AI advocates that the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right program can have the ability to understand and have other cognitive (the process of thought) states.

Weak AI Versus Strong AI Weak AI advocate that the principle value of computer in the study the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool which enables us to formulate and test hypothesis in a more rigorous and precise fashion.

Turing Test The test was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, which opens with the words: "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'“ Since "thinking" is difficult to define, Turing chooses to "replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.

Cont. Turing's new question is: "Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the [Turing test]"? This question, Turing believed, is one that can actually be answered. The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to demonstrate intelligence. It proceeds as follows: a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human.

Cont. All participants are placed in isolated locations. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. In order to test the machine's intelligence rather than its ability to render words into audio, the conversation is limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen.

Intelligent Machine Success Criteria Alan Turing and the Imitation Game The Loebner Prize Although Turing proposed his test in 1951, it was not until 40 years later, in 1991, that the test was first really implemented. Dr. Hugh Loebner, a professor very much interested in seeing AI succeed, pledged $100,000 to the first entrant that could pass the test. No program has had the 50% success Turing aimed for.

Cont. The Loebner Prize provides an annual platform for practical Turing Tests with the first competition held in November, 1991

Eliza Developed in 1964-1966 by J. Weizembaum. Eliza models the role of a Rogerian psychotherapist Concept of Chinese Room Consider that: •You know no Chinese •You are confined in a room •You are given three batches of Chinese writing –The first batch is called a ‘script’ –The second batch is called a ‘story’ –The third batch is ‘questions’ about the story •You are also given a set of rules that will allow you to generate answers to the questions using the symbols in the script and the story •You are also given an English story and some questions about it

WHAT COMPUTERS CAN DO TODAY? Mathematics Logical Deductions Search a Solution from given Solutions Sequence Jobs …………….. WHAT COMPUTERS CAN NOT DO TODAY? Learn From Experience? Think? Can Create? OR Have Creativity? Have Intuition? Self awareness? or Adaptive? See? Make Decisions on its own? ……………………………..

Historical Foundations Next Lecture Historical Foundations