AP Biology Biotechnology Part 4

DNA is Negatively Charged

Kary Mullis

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Restriction Enzymes used to create RFLPs Normal b-globin allele 175 bp 201 bp Large fragment Ddel Ddel Ddel Ddel Sickle-cell mutant b-globin allele 376 bp Large fragment Ddel Ddel Ddel Ddel restriction sites in normal and sickle-cell alleles of -globin gene Normal allele Sickle-cell allele Large fragment 376 bp 201 bp 175 bp Electrophoresis of restriction fragments from normal and sickle-cell alleles

DNA Gel Electrophoresis

Finished Product

Human Genome Project

DNA Microarray Assay “Light Bright” – 4 Colors = 4 Nucleotides

Dideo labeled nucleotides and determining sequence (USE the dd nucleotides) DNA (template strand) Primer Deoxyribonucleotides Dideoxyribonucleotides (fluorescently tagged) 3¢ 5¢ 5¢ DNA polymerase 3¢ DNA (template strand) Labeled strands 5¢ 3¢ 3¢ Direction of movement of strands Laser Detector

Plasmid Map “Starting Point” sample

Plasmid Map Final Product sample

Gene Therapy to treat diseases

New DNA based Medicines

Crime Scene Investigations

Environmental Clean-up in the gulf

Agriculture

Livestock