Fig. 6-00

Fig. 6-01

Heat energy exits ecosystem Fig. 6-02 Sunlight energy enters ecosystem Photosynthesis C6H12O6 Glucose O2 Oxygen CO2 Carbon dioxide H2O Water Cellular respiration ATP drives cellular work Heat energy exits ecosystem

O2 CO2 Breathing O2 CO2 Muscle cells Cellular respiration Fig. 6-03 O2 CO2 Breathing Lungs O2 CO2 Muscle cells Cellular respiration

O2 CO2 Breathing O2 CO2 Muscle cells Cellular respiration Fig. 6-03a O2 CO2 Breathing Lungs O2 CO2 Muscle cells Cellular respiration

Fig. 6-03b

1 H2 O2 2 Release of heat energy H2O Fig. 6-04 1 H2 O2 2 Release of heat energy H2O

Electron transport chain Fig. 6-05 e e Electrons from food e e Stepwise release of energy used to make NAD NADH ATP 2 H 2 e Electron transport chain 2 e 2 1 2 H O2 Hydrogen, electrons, and oxygen combine to produce water H2O

Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Animal cell Plant cell Cytoplasm Fig. 6-06 Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Animal cell Plant cell Cytoplasm Mitochondrion High-energy electrons carried by NADH High-energy electrons carried mainly by NADH Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle 2 Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Glucose ATP ATP ATP

Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic acid ATP ATP ATP Fig. 6-06a Cytoplasm Mitochondrion High-energy electrons carried by NADH High-energy electrons carried mainly by NADH Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle 2 Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Glucose ATP ATP ATP

Energy investment phase Fig. 6-07-1 INPUT OUTPUT 2 ATP 2 ADP Glucose Key Carbon atom Phosphate group High-energy electron Energy investment phase

Energy investment phase Fig. 6-07-2 INPUT OUTPUT NADH NAD 2 ATP 2 ADP Glucose Key NAD Carbon atom NADH Phosphate group High-energy electron Energy investment phase Energy harvest phase

Energy investment phase Fig. 6-07-3 INPUT OUTPUT NADH 2 ATP NAD 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 Pyruvic acid Glucose 2 ADP 2 ATP Key NAD Carbon atom NADH Phosphate group High-energy electron Energy investment phase Energy harvest phase

Fig. 6-08 Enzyme P ADP ATP P P

INPUT OUTPUT Oxidation of the fuel generates NADH (from glycolysis) Fig. 6-09 INPUT OUTPUT Oxidation of the fuel generates NADH (from glycolysis) (to citric acid cycle) NAD NADH CoA Pyruvic acid loses a carbon as CO2 Acetic acid Acetic acid attaches to coenzyme A Acetyl CoA Pyruvic acid CO2 Coenzyme A

INPUT OUTPUT ATP Citric Acid Cycle Citric acid Acetic acid 2 CO2 Fig. 6-10 INPUT OUTPUT Citric acid Acetic acid 2 CO2 ADP  P ATP Citric Acid Cycle 3 NAD 3 NADH FAD FADH2 Acceptor molecule

Electron transport chain Fig. 6-11 Space between membranes H H H H H H H H Electron carrier H H H H H Protein complex Inner mitochondrial membrane FADH2 FAD Electron flow H 1 O2  2 H H2O 2 NADH NAD ADP  P ATP H H H H H Matrix Electron transport chain ATP synthase

Electron transport chain Fig. 6-11a Space between membranes H H H H H H H H Electron carrier H H H H H Protein complex Inner mitochondrial membrane FADH2 FAD Electron flow H 1 O2  2 H H2O 2 NADH NAD ADP  P ATP H H H H H ATP synthase Matrix Electron transport chain

Food Polysaccharides Fats Proteins Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Fig. 6-12 Food Polysaccharides Fats Proteins Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA Glycolysis Electron Transport ATP

Cytoplasm Mitochondrion 6 NADH 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 FADH2 Glycolysis 2 Fig. 6-13 Cytoplasm Mitochondrion 6 NADH 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 FADH2 Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvic acid Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glucose Maximum per glucose: 2 ATP 2 ATP About 34 ATP About 38 ATP by direct synthesis by direct synthesis by ATP synthase

Fig. 6-14 INPUT OUTPUT 2 ADP 2 ATP  2 P Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 Pyruvic acid  2 H Glucose 2 Lactic acid

INPUT OUTPUT Glycolysis Glucose Fig. 6-14a INPUT OUTPUT 2 ADP 2 ATP  2 P Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 Pyruvic acid  2 H 2 Lactic acid Glucose

Fig. 6-14b

diffusion of lactic acid; diffusion of lactic acid Fig. 6-15 Battery Battery Force measured Force measured Frog muscle stimulated by electric current Solution allows diffusion of lactic acid; muscle can work for twice as long Solution prevents diffusion of lactic acid

Fig. 6-16 INPUT OUTPUT 2 ADP 2 ATP  2 P 2 CO2 released Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 Pyruvic acid  2 H Glucose 2 Ethyl alcohol Bread with air bubbles produced by fermenting yeast Beer fermentation

INPUT OUTPUT 2 ADP 2 ATP  2 P 2 CO2 released Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 NAD Fig. 6-16a INPUT OUTPUT 2 ADP 2 ATP  2 P 2 CO2 released Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 Pyruvic acid  2 H Glucose 2 Ethyl alcohol

Fig. 6-16b

First eukaryotic organisms 2.2 Fig. 6-17 Earth’s atmosphere O2 present in 2.1 First eukaryotic organisms 2.2 Atmospheric oxygen reaches 10% of modern levels 2.7 Atmospheric oxygen first appears Billions of years ago 3.5 Oldest prokaryotic fossils 4.5 Origin of Earth

First eukaryotic organisms 2.2 Fig. 6-17a Earth’s atmosphere O2 present in 2.1 First eukaryotic organisms 2.2 Atmospheric oxygen reaches 10% of modern levels 2.7 Atmospheric oxygen first appears Billions of years ago 3.5 Oldest prokaryotic fossils 4.5 Origin of Earth

Fig. 6-17b

C6H12O6  6 O2 6 CO2  6 H2O  ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Fig. 6-UN01 C6H12O6  6 O2 6 CO2  6 H2O  ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Energy

Glucose loses electrons Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens) Fig. 6-UN02 Oxidation Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens) C6H12O6  6 O2 6 CO2  6 H2O Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Reduction Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens)

Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP Fig. 6-UN03 Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP

Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP Fig. 6-UN04 Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP

Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP Fig. 6-UN05 Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP

C6H12O6 Sunlight O2 Cellular respiration CO2 H2O Fig. 6-UN06 Heat C6H12O6 Sunlight O2 ATP Cellular respiration Photosynthesis CO2 H2O

C6H12O6  6 O2 6 CO2  6 H2O  Approx. 38 ATP Fig. 6-UN07 C6H12O6  6 O2 6 CO2  6 H2O  Approx. 38 ATP

Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens) Fig. 6-UN08 Oxidation Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens) C6H12O6 CO2 Electrons (and hydrogens) ATP O2 H2O Reduction Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens)

Mitochondrion O2 6 NADH 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 FADH2 Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Fig. 6-UN09 Mitochondrion O2 6 NADH 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 FADH2 Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Citric Acid Cycle 2 Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Glucose 2 CO2 4 CO2 H2O About 34 ATP 2 ATP by direct synthesis by direct synthesis 2 ATP by ATP synthase About 38 ATP