How to Study for Exams Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once. Focus on Understanding not Memorization Step 1: Identify the information to be tested. complete review guide, read over notes provided by teacher review Quizlet if available Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with) Write down questions you have about this material Seek out the answers to these questions Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read) Write your own review questions, then answer them Chunk the material and write summaries Make flash cards Draw a picture of the information Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines) Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most) Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent Quiz each other on the material Take turns reading your summaries Explain your notes to them, teach the material Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

Chapter 20 Slaves legally property not people- slave owners could do anything with their slaves (buy, sell abuse) Discrimination: unequal treatment based on a person’s race, gender, religion, place of birth or other arbitrary characteristics. Segregation: the social separation of groups of people, especially by race. These policies separated blacks and whites in public places (schools/churches) Jim Crow Laws. Free African Americans in the North and South were discriminated against, and most were only able to obtain low paying jobs such as laborers, craftspeople, or household servants in towns and cities.

Chapter 20 continued The invention of the cotton gin helped increase cotton production in the south, which increased the demand for slave labor and caused slaves in increase in value. Despite the majority of white southerners not owning slaves themselves, white southerners largely approved of slaves for economic reasons As demand for slavery increased, slave owners tended to take better care of the slaves, but it greatly reduced the likelihood of slavery ending on its own

Chapter 20 continued African American culture developed as slaves learned to combine their African culture and traditions with the realities of slavery. This culture was expressed in song, dance, stories and quilts that express the emotions of oppression. Most slave families grew up with a mother and a father, but their greatest fear was getting separated from their families Plantation owners encouraged their slaves to attend church where preachers emphasized the message of obedience. Meanwhile, slaves created “Invisible Churches” where they could meet and pray and talk in secret

Chapter 20 continued Slaves resisted their condition in many ways. Day to day (passive-breaking things, acting dumb, pretending sick) Open defiance (refusing to work, fight) run away (underground railroad) Rebellions (Nat Turner) Working conditions under slavery were brutal, from sun up to sun down whether it be working in the fields, as laborers, or working in the household. Slave Owners controlled their slaves in a number of ways, such as through harsh punishments, overworking, and through making slaves feel totally dependent on their masters. Underground railroad (not an actual railroad) a secret network of free blacks ad whites who helped thousands of slaves escape to free states and to Canada. Safe houses were marked by quilts and lantern codes also used code words “friend of a friend” Conductors guided runaway from safe house to safe house.

Key Figures Harriet Tubman- a slave who escaped and was the most successful conductor on the underground railroad. She returned south 20 times between 1850 and 1860 and guided more then 300 slaves to freedom Nat Turner- a slave from Virginia led and uprising where he and his followers killed over 57 people in 2 days. This led to stricter slave codes in the south, tighter control over slaves and harsher punishments. Whites lived in fear that there was a Nat Turner in every family. Denmark Vesey- A free African American who planned to lead a revolt of slaves. Was discovered, tried and executed. Overseer- white southerner usually from the lower class who worked on the planation supervising slaves in the field.