12.2 – The Mongol Conquests.

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Presentation transcript:

12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

Geography of the Steppe Eastern section (Mongolia) – home of the Huns, Turks, & the Mongols Short grasses & little rain Dramatic temperature changes Movements west & south = milder climate & more rainfall

Nomads Pastoralists = Nomads that herd domesticated animals Follow seasonal pattern of movement = battle over grassland & water Depend on animals for everything Travel together, forming clans Raid & plunder other clans or weakened/divided empires

Rise of the Mongols 1206: Mongols united by Temujin; takes title of Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”) Ruthless campaigns across Asia Slaughters those who don’t surrender Destroys Cities (ex. Samarkand) Gains vast riches = plunder 1225: Central Asia under Mongol rule

The Conqueror Brilliant Organizer Great Strategist Cruel Small, mobile armies of 10k w/ leaders being most experienced & loyal Great Strategist Feint-&-Attack – Fall back & spring the trap Siege warfare = launch diseased cows into cities Cruel Threatened to kill an entire cities if they didn’t surrender = causes many to surrender w/o a fight Dies in 1227 from illness

Genghis Khan’s Empire

Empire X<50yrs: Control lands stretching from China to Poland = largest unified land empire in history Even defeat China, invade Korea, & conquer Persia Divide empire into 4 regions or khanates, each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) Ilkhanate (Persia) Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

Mongol Rule Many areas never recover: Populations wiped out Irrigation destroyed Ferocious in war, tolerant in peace Allow peoples to keep culture & beliefs; even adopt aspects as well Ex: Golden Horde & Ilkhanate become Muslim Cultural differences b/w khanates leads to splitting of the empire (eventual)

Mid-1200s – Mid-1300s – Stability reigns across Mongol lands = Pax Mongolica “Mongolian Peace” Guarantee safe passage across empire for travelers & trade Ideas & inventions flow east & west Ex. Gunpowder Bad: Bubonic plague spread west b/c of Mongols Pax Mongolica