عوامل تهديد كننده ي سلامت

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Presentation transcript:

عوامل تهديد كننده ي سلامت

تعریف خطر خطر یعنی احتمال بروز یک واقعه ی نامطلوب ، یا عاملی که این احتمال را افزایش می دهد. WHO 2002

عوامل تهدید کننده سلامت فقر مالی و فرهنگی - بيكاري بیماری،اختلال و معلوليت حادثه و بلای طبیعی نا امنی کمبود غذا شامل : کمبود پروتئین انرژی کمبود ریز مغذی ها ( ید – آهن – روی – ویتامین آ ) بد غذایی رشدبی رویه جمعیت

عوامل تهدید کننده سلامت خطرات محیطی شامل : آب ناسالم فاضلاب نا مناسب هوای ناسالم ذرات معلق درهوا تشعشعات آلودگی صوتی مشکلات ناشی ازحمل و نقل و ترافیک استرس و فشارهای فردی و اجتماعی

عوامل تهدید کننده سلامت رفتار بزهكارانه و مجرمانه رفتاربیمارگونه وعادات غلط مثل : پرخوری امتناع از خوردن کم تحرکی روابط جنسی غیر ایمن مصرف مواد ( سیگار ، الکل ، مواد مخدر ، محرک ) سوء مصرف داروهای مجاز ( خود درمانی ) خطرات شغلی قحطی – جنگ - مهاجرت - آوارگی

Financial & Cultural Poverty Economic status ( stable Income ) and Health have a synergistic effect with together. Approximately one – Fifth of the world’s population live on less than 1 US $ per day and nearly a half , live on less than 2 US per day.

چند لحظه به عوارض بيكاري فكر كنيد

بيماري ها ، اختلالات و معلوليت ها Biological Psychological Disability Communicable Non communicable Nutritional Environmental Occupational Tumors Chromosomal Autoimmune Allergic Toxic and…. Communicable Non communicable Nutritional Environmental Occupational Tumors Chromosomal Autoimmune Allergic Toxic and…. Anxiety disorders Blindness Deafness Cerebral Palsy Depressive disorders Personality disorders Behavioral disorders Eating disorders Psychotic disorders

انواع اختلالات رواني Anxiety disorders Depressive disorders ( Panic – Obsessive compulsive – Post traumatic stress – Phobia ) Depressive disorders ( Depression –– Bipolar – Seasonal – Postnatal –….) Personality disorders ( Antisocial – Oppositional – Histrionic – Schizoid – Paranoid – Narcissitic – Dependent – Avoidant ) Behavioral disorders ( Autism – Drug abuse – Alcoholism – Addiction – Gambling ) Eating disorders ( Anorexia Nervosa – Bulimia ) Psychotic disorders ( Schizophrenia – Delusional )

حوادث و سوانح Overflowing Earthquake Flood Fire Tsunami Cyclone

ناامني Political Social Familial Occupational Economical Psychological

كمبود غــــــذا Underweight (due to food deficit) accounts for over 3 million childhood deaths a year in developing countries.

بي غذايي بر سلامت اثر مخرب دارد. سوء تغذيه ( ماراسموس – كواشيوركور )

Iron Deficiency Zinc Deficiency Vitamin A Deficiency Iodine Deficiency Iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutrient deficiencies in the world , affecting an estimated 2 billion people , and causing almost a million deaths a year. Zinc Deficiency Sever Zinc Deficiency causes short Stature, impaired immune function , respiratory inf. , malaria and diarrheal diseases. Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of acquired blindness in children. Iodine Deficiency Iodine deficiency is probably the single most preventable cause of mental retardation and brain damage.

رشد بي رويه ي جمعيت

عوامل خطر محيطي Unsafe Water Unsafe Sewage Inappropriate Waste Management System Unsafe Air – Air Pollution Flouted Particles in the air Indoor smoke from solid fuels Noise Pollution Transportation & Traffic hazards ( Lead exposure ) Irradiation Climate Changes

Risk Diseases Mortality Some adverse outcomes of environmental risks Unsafe water , sanitation & hygiene W.B.Ds (Diarrhea) 1.7 million deaths Urban air pollution Cardiovascular & Respiratory mortality – Lung cancer …. 0.8 million deaths Indoor smoke from solid fuels Resp. Inf. – COPD – Lung Cancer Nearly half the world continues to cook with solid fuels Lead Exposure Cardiovascular Dis. – Mental Retardation – B.P – Lead poisoning - …. 120 million people have lead levels over the normal range Climate Changes Diarrhea – Flood injury – Malaria - Malnutrition The attributable mortality is 154000 and the attributable burden is 5.5 million DALYs. Risk Diseases Mortality

Unsafe Water

Safe Water

عوامل خطر ناشي از كار Work Related Risks Including : Injuries Burns Poisoning (Toxins) Carcinogens Air born Particulates Ergonomic stressors Noise

استرس و فشارهاي فردي و اجتماعي

رفتار بيمارگونه و عادات نادرست مثل : * پرخوری * امتناع از خوردن * کم تحرکی * روابط جنسی غیر ایمن * مصرف مواد ( سیگار ، الکل ، مواد مخدر ، منوم و محرک ) * سوء مصرف داروهای مجاز ( خود درمانی )

پرخوري There are more than one billion adults worldwide who are overweight and at least 300 million who are clinically obese.

امتناع از خوردن غذا نيز بر سلامت اثر سوء دارد. ( Anorexia Nervosa

بي تحركي بر سلامت اثر مخرب دارد.

مصرف مواد محرك برشخصيت و سلامت زندگي تاثير سوء دارد.

اعتياد به شدت بر زندگي سالم اثر منفي دارد.

شما نيز چند مورد از رفتارهايي را نام ببريد كه به طور مستقيم يا غير مستقيم بر سلامت فردي و اجتماعي اثر سوء دارند. نشست و برخاست ، خواب ، نوع تغذيه ، دفع ، ورزش ، تفريح ، بازي ، استفاده از وسايل آرايشي ، نوع پوشش ( مثلا كفش نامناسب ) ، رانندگي ، استفاده از فست فود ، حمل نا مناسب بار، نگهداري حيوانات ، مصرف قند - چربي و نمك زياد ، مصرف نكردن ميوه و سبزي جات و....

رفتار بزهكارانه و نابهنجار رفتاربزهکارانه ، ناهنجاروضداجتماعی شامل : دزدی قتل تجاوز زورگیری شرارت خشونت ماجراجویی کودک آزاری همسر آزاری خودکشی قمار کلاهبرداری و اختلاس ریختن زباله در محیط ریختن آب دهان در محیط کندن درخت و رفتار مجرمانه دیگر گدایی کیف قاپی دادوفریاد فحش و ناسزا اذیت و مردم آزاری رانندگی در پیاده رو سروصدای شغلی دیوار نویسی نوشتن یادگاری بر تنه درخت ها تظاهر به مستی

آوارگي ، بي خانماني ، قحطي و جنگ Unsuitable Dwelling Stress Inappropriate Sanitation status Unsafe Water and Food Insecurity ….

اقدامات ناسالم پزشكي Malpractices Iatrogenic Diseases Inadequate Services

Let’s review some other risk factors for healthy life See the next pictures please And determine the risk factor And related diseases

10 top Health Risk Factors through the world Developing Countries Developed Countries Underweight 12.2% Tobacco Consumption 14.9% Unsafe Sex 10.9% Blood pressure 10.2% Unsafe Water , Sanitation & Hygiene 9.2% Alcohol Consumption 5.5% Indoor smoke from solid fuels 7.6% High Cholesterol 3.7% Zinc Deficiency 7.4% Overweight 3.2% 3.9% 3.1% Iron Deficiency Low fruit & Veg. Intake 3.0% 3.3% Vitamin A Deficiency Physical Inactivity 1.8% 2.5% High Blood Pressure Illicit Drugs 0.8% Tobacco Consumption Unsafe Sex 2.0% 1.9% High Cholesterol 0.7% Iron Deficiency

راهبـــــــرد ها و راهـــــــکارهای کاهش خطرات سلامت

راهبرد های اساسی برای کاهش خطرات سلامت در جامعه * کنترل رشد جمعیت * اصلاح غذا و تغذیه * مراقبت از اقشار آسیب پذیر * شناسایی و اصلاح عوامل خطر محیط زیست * کنترل بیماری ها * آموزش جامعه * استفاده از وسایل و شیوه های حفاظت سلامت * کنترل سوء مصرف داروها و مصرف مواد

راهبرد های اساسی برای کاهش خطرات سلامت در جامعه * ترغیب ورزش در جامعه * فقر زدایی (بهبود شاخص های اقتصادی) * تامین عدالت اجتماعی * تامین امنیت در جامعه * تامین بهداشت روان جامعه

يك مثال

اصلاح غذاو تغذيه کنترل تولید و توزیع روغن های بدون ترانس در جامعه تولید و توزیع نمک یددار غنی سازی آرد و غلات با آهن و اسید فولیک غنی سازی شکر با ویتامین آ غنی سازی گندم با روی نظارت بر تولید و توزیع مواد غذایی به ویژه غذاهای آماده قرار دادن مواد غذایی سالم و ارزان در اختیار مردم

اصلاح غذا و تغذيه ترویج تغذیه با شیر مادر ترغیب و تسهیل مصرف میوه و سبزیجات در جامعه تجویز آهن به زنان باردار از سه ماهه دوم تا سه ماه بعد از زایمان تجویزسالی دونوبت ویتامین آ به کودکان زیر 5 سال توزیع شیر رایگان در مدارس اصلاح تغذیه کودکان چاق