1. There are 4 determinants of health and development
Biological determinant
Behavioural determinant
Physical environment
Social environment

4. What are ‘determinants of health’?
Factors that influence health
Can increase the chance of ill health (risk factors) or good health (protective factors)
Determinants of health can act in combination
Determinant of health can be applied to an individual (e.g. you) or to a population (e.g. Australia)

6. Biological determinants of health & development
Risk or protective factors that relate to the body and represent actual bodily states, for example:
Genetics
blood pressure
blood cholesterol
body weight
impaired glucose regulation

7. Genetics
3 per cent of babies in Australia are born with a genetic disorder.
examples of genetic diseases whereby a mutation or abnormality in one of more genes or chromosomes results in a particular illness.
haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anaemia, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy and phenylketonuria
There is also genetic predisposition to some conditions such as diabetes and heart disease (family history)
Each of us has a genetic blueprint, inherited from our biological parents, that determine our physical characteristics Gender (male or female); body size, shape & composition; & the timing of physical changes such as puberty & growth.

8. Blood pressure
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney failure.
It accounts for 8% of burden of disease in Australia

9. blood cholesterol
High blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke.
High blood cholesterol is estimated to cause around 6 per cent of the total burden of disease among Australians

10. Body weight
World Health Organization (WHO) has labelled obesity a global epidemic
Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, certain cancers, sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis, psychological disorders and social problems
7.6 per cent of the total burden of disease

11. Impaired glucose regulation
Is the metabolic state between normal regulation of glucose and failed regulation (Diabetes).
Common cause:
Overweight, obesity
High cholesterol
It affects One in 6 Australians over the age of 25

12. Behavioural determinant
Factors related to behaviour… lifestyle choices and decisions, such as:
Physical Activity
dietary behaviour
Sun Protection
Alcohol and Substance Use
Sexual Practices
Seeking Help From Health Professionals
Tobacc0 use

13. You are what you eat? What does this saying mean???
*The food intake of a young person can have a huge impact on their health & development.
*Even in Australia, where a large variety of foods are readily available, malnutrition (insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients) can occur due to people constantly making poor choices about what they eat.

14. * This can affect a persons ability to reach their full genetic potential- what do you think this mean???
* In Australia only 26% of young people aged years met the fruit consumption guidelines and 47% met the recommended daily consumption of vegetables.
* This low consumption of fruit & vegetables is indicative of the type of food intake that can lead to malnourishment & nutritional deficiencies
*Growth during the youth stage of the lifespan requires increased nutritional needs due to the rapid growth and changes in the body .

15. Having a healthy food intake will help you reach your full genetic potential. It will also reduce your risk for many diseases such as:
Cancer
Heart Disease
Nutritional Deficiencies e.g. anaemia
Eating healthy will also have benefits such as:
Helping maintain a healthy weight
Helping the functioning of the immune system
Helping maintain healthy gums, bones, skin, hair and teeth etc.
It is also important to note that eating disorders are most prevalent amongst youth & can have devastating outcomes on someone’s health & development

16. Substance abuse includes the use of illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol.
Substance abuse can lead to many short & long terms effects, such as making poor choices, addiction, hospitalisation, accidents, conflict with friends , family financial difficulties, mental illness, organ damage, cancer
and….can often leave you waiting for mate

17. Activity 3 -Case Study: Just Waiting For a Mate… Featuring- Senior Constable Ash Bowden , Clinton & James…..
After watching the above clip, answer the following questions:
How does this film clip relate to substance abuse?
What short term effect has alcohol abuse had on Clinton?
What are the long terms effects that alcohol abuse could have on Clinton’s health & development?

18. Physical environment Housing Environment
Factors related to where we live, work or spend most of our time, such as:
Housing Environment
Fresh food
Clean water
Home free of tobacco smoke
Access to sporting and recreational facilities
Work environment
Why did I included the picture on the left 

19. Shelter is a basic human right, and is an important influence on health & development.
In Australia the most common forms of homes are:
- House
- Unit
- Flat
- Caravan

20. The purpose of a house is to provide protection against the elements and danger, as well as providing a place of rest.
In Australia, it also provides access to resources such as energy for cooking & warmth & access to a fresh and clean water supply- these are all resources that are required to facilitate health & development

21. Poor Housing Conditions….
Can lead to poorer health & development, especially of young people.
Due to home life or financial constraints, some young people live in substandard or overcrowded dwellings & therefore are at an increased risk of poor health & development.
Poor housing conditions can lead to
spread of infectious diseases and illnesses
poor air quality, dampness or draughts,
noise exposure, lack of security and
possible exposure to illegal behaviour
such as drug use or stealing

22. Social environment Access to education
Factors related to family, friends and social interactions such as:
Family cohesion
Socioeconomic status of parents
Community participation
Access to education

23. Social environment
Risk or protective factors that are based on society and the social environment:
socioeconomic status
stress
early life experiences
social exclusion
work
unemployment
social support
- media
Family cohesion

24. ACCESS To
Education provides significant health & development benefits. Higher levels of education are associated with higher income and better employment prospects. It can also affect health directly by providing knowledge of health risks & skills for healthy lifestyles & gaining access to health services. *In Australia, individuals with higher levels of education report fewer illness & have better mental health than those with low levels of education

25. When a young person is being educated they should approach the learning process as one that will have long-term benefits. This will assist them to learn independently & develop literacy & numeracy skills to a level that enables them to cope with day to day living & further education Activity 4: In your workbooks explain how both Housing Environment & Access to Education can each impact on someone’s health & development either as a protective or a risk factor.