Sustainability, Human Development, Human Development Index (HDI)

What is sustainability? Sustainability refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to their own needs. (UN,1992).

What is sustainability? Sustainability is about recognising that reduce global poverty now and in future, growth and development must be inclusive and environmentally sound. It embraces concern for quality of life, for equity between people, for intergenerational equity and for the social and ethical dimensions of human welfare.

What is Sustainability? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-g21O7a9280

Dimensions of Sustainability There are three dimensions that interrelate. Economic sustainability – capacity of future generations to earn an income and allow for economic growth Social sustainability – future generations having same or improved access to social resources such as human rights, political stability. Environmental sustainability – Ensuring natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources for future generations. When one dimension is not considered, this will impact the others.

Dimensions of Sustainability Economic Sustainability Capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time. Means ensuring the average income in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and livings costs in the future. Adequate funding also means that the government receives more funds through taxation and can provide public services to promote health and wellbeing of its citizens.

Dimensions of Sustainability Economic Sustainability Considerations for social sustainability include: Innovation and diversity of industries Employment Economic growth Trade

Dimensions of Sustainability How Economic Sustainability promotes health and wellbeing (globally)? Ensuring employment opportunities and the payment of fair wage for goods and services Promoting economic growth at the national and international level Investing in education and improving the skills and knowledge of the workforce Having access to appropriate technology, transport, communication systems tools and energy,

Dimensions of Sustainability Social Sustainability Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can maintained indefinitely Aims to ensure that all people have their human rights upheld, can participate in the society in which they live, participate in the decisions that affect their lives and experience equal access to resources such as food, shelter, education, healthcare, employment, clean water, sanitation, clothing, recreation and leisure. Progress must lead to improvements in the health and wellbeing of all people over time, particularly to those who experience inequality.

Dimensions of Sustainability Social Sustainability Considerations for social sustainability include: Elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection systems Gender equality Access to safe and decent work conditions Promotion of political and legal rights Peace and security

Dimensions of Sustainability How does Social Sustainability promote health and wellbeing (globally)? Empowering people to take control of their lives Respecting the values and knowledge of people Promoting equity by including all people in decisions and activities that will impact on their community.

Dimensions of Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Refers to ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future. Involves making decisions and implementing practices that minimise the degradation of the planet and having an awareness of natural resources and fragility of the physical environment. Components include: Biodiversity Use of natural resources Waste removal and pollution Climate change

Dimensions of Sustainability How does Environmental Sustainability promote health and wellbeing (globally)? Protecting natural resources Reducing energy usage and promoting greater efficiency in the use of energy Reducing pollution Encouraging industry and agriculture to use natural resources responsibly.

How does sustainability generally promote health and wellbeing? Ensuring the needs of the current generation are being met for essential resources such as food, shelter and access to a safe water supply helps to promote the physical health and wellbeing of the population now. Ensuring that these resources are not depleted and are therefore available for future generations to meet their needs means that physical health and wellbeing will also be promoted in future generations. Increasing income at a personal level gives individuals and families a better access to resources they need which can promote physical health and wellbeing by reducing malnutrition and infectious diseases. Remember it needs to be in a global context

Interrelationship between the three dimensions of sustainability

Examples of the interrelationship of sustainability Poverty reduction is related to economic sustainability. It also reflects the inequalities that exist between people which is part of social sustainability. Access to clean water and sanitation is also social sustainability but relies heavily on environmental sustainability to ensure clean water is available. EXAMPLE 2 - A country with a high income due to oil reserves that are mining however, oil reserves may be depleted (environmental sustainability) and so this source of income will shrink in the future (economic sustainability). Reduced income could lead to fewer economic resources available for public education (social sustainability).

Your right to education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Cpv8yEFQAM

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT – what is it? Human development is a concept that provides another way of looking at the differences and similarities between countries around the world in addition to classifying countries by GNI. The Gross National Income (GNI) of a country, or the average income, has historically been used to gauge how well people are living and the level of human development being experienced in a country. However, although economic wealth is associated with better outcomes for people, wealth is rarely distributed equally. To look at this measure in isolation will not necessarily give an accurate indication of how well the entire population is living. The purpose of human development is to make people, not the country’s income, the focus. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwgZQ1DqG3w

What is Human Development? creating an environment in which people can; develop to their full potential lead productive, creative lives Participate in the life of the community Expand and have choices and enhancing their capabilities Have access to knowledge, Have access to health and Enjoy a decent standard of living PPP CC KHD

People, Choice and Opportunities are all central themes when defining Human Development.

Human Development Central Ideas People: Rather than focusing on economic growth and assuming that this will result in improvements in wellbeing for all, human development has a focus on improving the lives of people. Opportunities: Providing people with more freedom to live a life that they value is also a central theme in the human development concept. It is about providing people with a range of skills and abilities and the opportunities to use them. Choice: Happiness and satisfaction in life can’t be guaranteed, nor can we ensure that all people will always make the right choices in life. Central to human development is the idea that people need to be provided with opportunities and have the choice to make use of them.

Human Development Index United Nations developed a measurement system that attempts to reflect the level of human development being experienced in different countries and regions. known as Human Development Index (HDI).

Human Development Index MEASUREMENTS Is this an accurate measure of human development? HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX Dimensions Indicators Long and healthy life Life expectancy Knowledge Means years of schooling Expected years of schooling A decent standard of living Gross National income per capita

Human Development Index key terms Life expectancy - How long a person is expected to live if current death rates do not change (what could be a limitation of using this figure?) Mean years of schooling - Average number of years of education achieved (what could be a limitation of this measure?) Expected years of schooling - Number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age Gross National Income (GNI) - Overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid divided by the population of the country (what could be a limitation of using this figure?)

The Human Development Index gives a clear indication of the type of country when compared to Gross National Income (GNI) WHY?

Advantages and Disadvantages of HDI Advantages of the HDI Disadvantages of the HDI

Disadvantages of the HDI Advantages and Disadvantages of HDI Advantages of the HDI Disadvantages of the HDI Considers more than just the average income Opportunities for education – access to knowledge and expand choices Life expectancy considered – ability to lead a long and healthy life Considers other areas – 3 dimensions and 4 indicators Effective in analysing progress made by countries More awareness over time about the use of it Complex concept and focuses on many elements of people’s lives. Still based on averages in terms o income Does not take into account the feelings and issues faced within a community Collecting the data needed can be difficult, time consuming and not necessarily accurate. Neglects aspects such as freedom, choice and capabilities.

HDI activities http://tzec.com/hdi/ - which countries have high human development index (HDI)? Explore this resource and look at the different HDI of countries Make your own human development index tree http://www.zolabo.com/projects/hdi/ What do you think is most important to the HDI? Make your own

http://www.statsilk.com/maps/world-stats-open-data?l=human

Practice Question With the help of donor funds and debt relief, in 2002 Tanzania was able to make primary education free for all Tanzanian children. Almost overnight, an estimated 1.6 million children enrolled in school and by 2003, 3.1 million additional children were attending primary education. Explain how primary education in Tanzania impacts on health, human development and sustainability. (3 marks)