Civil War: Conditions of War fare US History: Mrs. Lacks

Northern Troops Initially volunteers 1863 – first federal conscription law (ever) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOFILwsiLCc (Northern reaction) Could buy your way out ($300) Hated in Democratic strongholds New York Draft Riot (1863) – sparked by Irish Americans against blacks About 200,000 deserters of all classes Irish: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-qtoxnAS8

Northern Troops About 180,000 blacks served (10% of total enlistment) Black volunteers initially rejected – North didn’t allow blacks to fight until EP (1863) Blacks served in segregated units under white officers and rarely saw combat Not allowed to rise above the rank of captain

African Americans & the Union 54th Massachusetts - “Glory” Sgt. William Carney - 1st African American to win Congressional Medal of Honor

Southern Troops Initially relied on volunteers Forced to conscript men by 1862 Rich men could hire substitutes or purchase exemption Did not recruit slaves until a month before the war ended

Southern Troops African Americans did fight for the South; thousands of slaves built fortifications/trenches, etc. Slaves kept Southern farms going while white men fought Ironically, did not revolt after EP – most stayed on farms even after war

African Americans and the Confederacy about 65,000 free and enslaved black men fought for the Confederacy Roland Young, African American historian "When you eliminate the black Confederate soldier, you've eliminated the history of the South.” "some, if not most, Black southerners would support their country" and that by doing so they were "demonstrating it's possible to hate the system of slavery and love one's country.” (like American Revolution)

Southern Troops Most of the Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy including Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

Battleground Conditions life on the lines nasty living conditions poor personal hygiene poor diet

Battleground Conditions prisons cramped quarters, malnutrition, little or no shelter from elements Andersonville, GA - 29% of prisoners died Overall: South - 15%; North - 12%

Andersonville, Georgia

Battleground Conditions improvements US Sanitary Commission (north) improve hygienic conditions of army camps recruit and train nurses Clara Barton - union nurse often at front lines caring for sick and wounded Started the Red Cross south - 1000s of women volunteered for nursing duty

U.S. Sanitary Commission Clara Barton U.S. Sanitary Commission

Support & Dissent for the War sympathizers on both sides Lincoln suspended writ of habeas corpus court order requiring a person being held in jail to be brought before court to determine reason being held 13,000+ suspected confederate sympathizers held without trial

Legacy of the War More men died in Civil War than any other war in US History (over 620,000) Fought for the freedom of others/moral superiority

Many firsts… Trench warfare Battlefield photos Draft Wartime railroad Portable telegraph Soldiers voting Battlefield medicine Medal of Honor Ironclads submarines Battlefield photos Wartime railroad Income tax Repeating rifle “Torpedoes” Machine gun Land mines

Gatling gun Trench warfare

“Torpedoes”

Balloon used for observation (Antietam)

Civil War GREATLY aged President Lincoln 1865 1860

April 14, 1865 Ford’s Theater

John Wilkes Booth From Maryland Actor Strong supporter of the South and slavery Promised his mother he would not enlist in Confederate Army (but traveled the South performing) Attended the hanging of John Brown in VA Performed for Lincoln several times

The Conspirators John Wilkes Booth George Atzerodt David Herold Lewis Powell

Assassination of Lincoln Booth shot Lincoln in the back of his head then leaped down to the stage, breaking his leg, and yelling “Sic semper tyrannis” (Thus be it ever to tyrants) Booth managed to escape for 12 days, trapped in VA, captured, tried, executed (allegedly shot)

Front Royal, VA – Place of Booth’s death

Assassination of Lincoln Co-conspirators Mary Surratt - convicted of being an accomplice and hanged Dr. Samuel Mudd - life imprisonment - set Booth’s broken leg Edward Spangler - 6 years in prison - stagehand at the theater who held Booth’s horse