Chapter 5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement Measuring Anything That Exists Conceptualization Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies Operationalization Choices Criteria of Measurement Quality

Kaplan’s Classes Things Scientists Measure Direct observables - things that can be observed simply and directly. Indirect observables - things that require more subtle observations. Constructs - based on observations that can not be observed.

Conceptualization Process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms. Produces an agreed upon meaning for a concept for the purposes of research. Describes the indicators we'll use to measure the concept and the different aspects of the concept.

Definitions Real - mistakes a construct for a real entity. Nominal - assigned to a term without a claim that the definition represents a "real" entity. Operational definitions - Specifies how a concept will be measured.

Operationalization Choices Range of variation - to what extent are we willing to combine attributes in categories? Variations between the extremes Dimensions Defining variables and attributes Levels of measurement Single or multiple indicators

Four Levels of Measurement Nominal - offer names for labels for characteristics (gender, birthplace). Ordinal - variables with attributes we can logically rank and order.

Four Levels of Measurement Interval - distances separating variables (temperature scale). Ratio - attributes composing a variable are based on a true zero point (age).

Measurement Quality Precision and accuracy Reliability Validity

Tests for Checking Reliability Test-retest method - take the same measurement more than once. Split-half method - make more than one measurement of a social concept (prejudice). Use established measures. Check reliability of research-workers.