Lesson 5: Integrating Evidence and MLA In-text Citations! I can integrate evidence as support for my own ideas and provide a proper in-text citation to give credit to my source.

Agenda Bell Ringer Integrating Quotes MLA In-text Citations Reminders for organization Drafting

Integrating Quotes Now that evidence has been selected to support your claims, it needs to be included in your writing in a way that: Credits the source Provides context Blends the quotation into your writing

Integrating Quotes Begin with an attribution that provides the author, title, and a brief context. This can be a sentence by itself, or it might be included at the beginning of the sentence that includes your quotation. Also, Instead of always using “writes” or “says”, try to use stronger verbs, such as: acknowledges addresses adds admits agrees analyzes answers argues asks asserts assesses believes categorizes cites claims compares concludes concurs confirms considers contends critiques declares defines delineates demonstrates denies describes determines discovers emphasizes envisions evaluates examines explains explicates explores expounds on furnishes finds identifies inquires insists investigates lists makes the case measures notes observes points out postulates presents proposes proves questions rationalizes refers to refutes rejects remarks replies reports responds reviews says shows states stipulates stresses suggests summarizes surveys synthesizes traces views warns writes

Integrating Quotes Blending a Quotation Fragment within Your Own Sentence This is the most precise way to integrate quotations because you can choose the specific evidence that most supports your claim. No extra punctuation or capitalization is needed – only use whatever the sentence calls for naturally. Your sentence still has to be grammatically correct – pay attention to subject/verb agreement, verb tense, run-on sentences, etc.

Integrating Quotes Integrating a Complete Sentence This should only be used when you actually need the whole sentence to support your claim. Punctuate/capitalize like you would dialogue. Explaining that most South Africans have mixed feelings about the World Cup, Molefe confesses, “For the most part, the memory of hosting an outwardly perfect global event still evokes a hallowed glow of national pride, even though, inwardly, the event failed to deliver the promised boost to our economy.”

Integrating Quotes DON’T: NO DROP/STAND-ALONE QUOTES!!! Your writing should NEVER contain a sentence that is 100% someone else’s writing. This can be confusing to your reader. In his op-ed, “South Africa’s World Cup Illusions,” T.O. Molefe discusses the economic after-effects of hosting the event in 2010. “South Africa’s experience four years after hosting a successful World Cup is a cautionary tale for Brazil, which has also spent heavily on building brand-new stadiums, often in remote areas, that may rarely be used again.”

The Modern Language Association Citation Style (MLA Citation) MLA, like other citations styles consists of two things: In-text Citations (Also called Parenthetical Citations) Works Cited Page (composed of Bibliographic Entries) **You must utilize both correctly to avoid plagiarism! Here it is important to tell students that there are many other citation styles, and most of them have the same logical structure as MLA. However, there are differences in how dates are viewed, and whether citations always have page numbers or not. An example that can be used it to tell the students that in APA, the year is extremely important. So important, in fact, that the year goes right after the author’s name and unless someone is quoting, there is no page number, but the year is always there. It is also important to tell students that no matter which citation style they use, they will be required to put some kind of source information in the text and also a references or works cited page at the end. That is part of the underlying logic behind citations styles.

Why Use MLA Format? Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily Provides consistent format within a discipline Gives you credibility as a writer Protects yourself from plagiarism

In-Text or Parenthetical Citations …a system in which you give your source in parentheses immediately after you give the information. Four Common Citations: Author and page number Title and page number Page number only Secondhand quotations The first word of your citation match the corresponding entry on your Works Cited page!

Cite Your Sources!! In-text citations of sources have two requirements: They need to include enough information for the audience to find the source on the works cited page. They need to include enough information so the audience knows where to find the borrowed material in the original source you used. Examples (Last Name Page #) (Garcia 136) Between the two parts of MLA, in-text citations (sometimes called “parenthetical citations”) are the most important. There will be more of these than there will be bibliographic entries. If even one of these citations is missing where information has been borrowed from a source, technically the writer has plagiarized.

Types of In-text Citations In-text citations can come in two main forms: 1. Author named within the quote: At one point, Cofer writes, “Growing up in a large urban center…I suffered from what I think of as cultural schizophrenia” (175). 2. Author not named within the quote: “On the other side, many Americans expressed surprise at the frequency with which French people spoke about money” (Carroll 313). There are many varieties of citations, but these refer to how the information and the author is presented while using the source information in the paper. It is also important to stress that not all the citations should be done one way. That would look to formulaic and the teacher will probably not see it as good writing. It will be a good idea to vary the formats a little. *As you can see, both styles of citations include the author’s last name and the page number.

In-Text Citation – Author & Page No. (Keeling 125) Notice there is no “p” and no comma. The struggle for identity is common during puberty (Keeling 125).

In-Text Citations – Title & Page No. Her distinctive writing style adds to her mystique (“Plath” 19). Often, articles, editorials, pamphlets, and other materials have no author listed; thus, give the first distinctive word of the title followed by page #

In-Text Citations – Page No. Only If you have already mentioned the author’s name, put a page number only: Keeling states that Plath’s work stands in stark contrast to other confessional poets (58).

In-Text Citation – Organization as Author Often, an organization serves as the author: The National Council for Teachers of English state that students bring insider knowledge of youth culture and a passion for and investment in its texts and practices (5). OR Students bring insider knowledge of youth culture (National Council for the Teachers of English 5).

Other forms of In-Text Citations Two authors: (Johnson and Rodriguez 221) Three or more authors: (York et al. 75)  “et al.” means “and others” A work with no page numbers (like a webpage): (Miller) *You add the full title only if it is short. If it is a long title, you only use the first one or two words. There are many different forms of citations, depending on the type of source. However, these are the main five. For all other formats, they should consult their grammar handbook, or even better, the MLA handbook.

Organization Don’t forget to PLAN your organization of ideas. It will keep a logical flow of ideas and help your reader understand your argument! We went over organization last unit, so look back over your notes. Also don’t forget to address counterclaims and REFUTE them WITH EVIDENCE!

Drafting For the rest of class, draft the body of your essay.  Homework: Complete the rest of your essay except for the conclusion We will give you conclusion notes/strategies next class!