Evaluation Techniques Chapter 7

Anatomic Position Anatomic Position – Individual standing in a forward-facing position with his or her arms hanging at the side and the palms of the hands visible from the front Anatomic Position dictates the terminology used to describe the injury and the evaluation findings no matter what position the athlete is in at the time of injury

Anatomic Position

Body Planes In the anatomic position, the body can be divided into three planes Sagittal Plane Frontal (Coronal) Plane Transverse (Axial or Horizontal) Plane Every movement in the body occurs within one or more of these planes These three planes divides the body equally into halves

Body Planes

Sagittal Plane Separates the body down the center into two equal right and left halves The line of the sagittal plane divides the head through the nose and mouth, down the chest all the way to the belly button, and then to the ground Each side has one eye, one ear, one arm & one leg Motions in this plane: Forward or Backward – Bending the knee or elbow or nodding the head

Sagittal Plane

Frontal (Coronal) Plane Divides the body into front and back halves at approximately the ears and shoulders Frontal plane involves any motion to the side Motions in this plane: Raising the arms and legs to the side

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Transverse (Axial or Horizontal) Plane Divides the body in half at the waist, separating the top of the body from the bottom Motions in this plane: Rotation at the waist from left to right

Transverse (Axial or Horizontal) Plane

Surface Anatomy Anterior – Front of the body (before or in front of) Posterior – Back of the body (toward the rear of back) Associated with the frontal plane Midline of the body Associated with the sagittal plane – Imaginary line that divides the body into equal halves (through the nose and umbilicus) Medial – side of the described body part that is closest to the midline Lateral – the part that is farthest from the midline

Surface Anatomy Proximal – Body part that is closest to the heart Distal – Body part that is farther from the torso and closer to the end of an extremity Superior (cephal) – Part closest to the top of the body Inferior (caudal) – farther away and closer to the feet

Nomenclature/Terminology Flexion – bending of a joint usually with the distal point of the extremity moving closer to the proximal aspect Extension – moving the joint in the opposite direction or straightening the limb – Sending the most distal point back to its farthest position Both can be observed in the sagittal plane

Nomenclature/Terminology Dorsiflexion – movement of the dorsum of the foot (top) toward the heart Plantarflexion – moves the plantar surface (sole or bottom) away from the heart Observed in the sagittal plane Abduction – movement away from the midline or center of the body Adduction – moving the extremity back toward the center of the body

Nomenclature/Terminology Eversion – moving outward away from the midline of the body Inversion – moving toward the midline Valgus – Forces the joint toward the midline of the body and the distal end of the extremity away from the midline Varus – Forces the joint away from the midline and the distal end of the extremity toward the midline

Nomenclature/Terminology Internal Rotation – Moves the ball of the ball and socket joint toward the midline External Rotation – Moves the ball of the ball and socket joint away from the midline Pronation – Rotates the hand until it is facing downward Supination – Rotates the hand to the opposite direction so the palm is facing upward

Body Regions

Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Bones

The Posterior Side

The Spine

Muscles

Lower Leg

Muscles of the Femoral Region

The Upper/ Lower Back

Muscles of anterior Trunk

Muscles of the Arm