Grade distribution for Exam 3

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Presentation transcript:

Grade distribution for Exam 3 Exam 3 Histogram: Grade Frequency 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4 7 13 16 19 22 28 Bin Frequency

Synthetic and Biological Polymers Polymers: Macromolecules formed by the covalent attachment of a set of small molecules termed monomers. Polymers are classified as: (1) Man-made or synthetic polymers that are synthesized in the laboratory; (2) Biological polymer that are found in nature. Synthetic polymers: nylon, poly-ethylene, poly-styrene Biological polymers: DNA, proteins, carbohydrates

Methods for making polymers Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization Addition polymerization: monomers react to form a polymer without net loss of atoms. Most common form: free radical chain reaction of ethylenes n monomers one polymer molecule

Example of addition polymers

Free-Radical AdditionPolymerization of Ethylene H2C CH2 200 °C 2000 atm O2 peroxides CH2 polyethylene 6

Free-Radical Polymerization of Propene H2C CHCH3 CH CH3 polypropylene 6

.. RO Mechanism • H2C CHCH3 7

.. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 • 9

.. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 • CHCH3 H2C 10

.. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 • 10

.. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 CHCH3 H2C • 10

.. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 • 10

.. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 CHCH3 H2C • 10

Likewise... H2C=CHCl polyvinyl chloride H2C=CHC6H5 polystyrene F2C=CF2 Teflon 19

Important constitutions for synthetic polymers

Supramolecular structure of polymers

Structural properties of linear polymers: conformational flexibility and strength

Cross linking adds tensile strength

Condensation polymerization Condensation polymerization: the polymer grows from monomers by splitting off a small molecule such as water or carbon dioxide. Example: formation of amide links and loss of water Monomers First unit of polymer + H2O

In the 1967 movie, "The Graduate”, Polymers in the movies In the 1967 movie, "The Graduate”, a smug Los Angeles businessman takes aside the baby-faced Dustin Hoffman and declares, "I just want to say one word to you -- just one word -- 'plastics.' " In 2005 we can replace ‘plastics’ with another word: ‘synthetic polymers’

Hydrogen bonds between chains Supramolecular Structure of nylon Intermolecular hydrogen bonds give nylon enormous tensile strength

Biopolymers Nucleic acid polymers (DNA, RNA) Amino acids polymers (Proteins) Sugar polymers (Carbohydrates) Genetic information for the cell: DNA Structural strength and catalysis: Proteins Energy source: Carbohydrates

Proteins: amino acid monomers The basic structure of an amino acid monomer The difference between amino acids is the R group 4

Proteins: condensation polymers Formed by condensation polymerization of amino acids Monomers: 20 essential amino acids General structure of an amino acid R is the only variable group Glycine (R = H) + Glycine First step toward poly(glycine)

Representation of the constitution of a protein

Three D representation of the structure of a protein

DNA 4

Thymine (T) The monomers: Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Phosphate- Sugar (backbone) of DNA

Phosphate-sugar backbone holds the DNA macromolecule together

One strand unwinds to duplicate its complement via a polymerization of the monomers C, G, A and T

Carbohydrates 4