First People – First Farmers Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments Egalitarian societies Developed sophisticated technologies Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth The term Big Geography draws attention to the global nature of world history. Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. By making an analogy with modern hunterforager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively egalitarian. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated technologies. Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments Egalitarian societies Developed sophisticated technologies What key points should we take from this key concept?

Key Dates 3,500 B.C.E. – 1000 B.C.E – rise of first civilizations BP = before present = years ago

What is meant by the term Civilizations? New type of civilization made possible by the AR Large populations Cities – 10,000 + State organizes &controls citizens Economic specialization Inequality of wealth Describe the differences in control over people in chiefdoms and civilizations.

Origins of Civilizations Neolithic Revolution (AR) Irrigation Projects Attempted order Protect the elite Warfare Attempted order as populations grew and became more diverse… kinship ties and order no longer work Robert Caneiro – limited resources lead to innovations in technology – plow/irrigation Competition for resources led to warfare and winners gained new groups of people from conquered --- become lower class

Rise of the State Purpose of states Conflict between peoples Large scale irrigation Warfare and protection Source of Power China – son of heaven Stewards of local god Ability to collect and distribute tribute Force is possible

Global phenomenon Core and Foundational Civilizations Mesopotamia Shang Olmecs Nile River Valley Indus River Valley Norte Chico Independent, global, 3,500 B.C.E. – 1000 B.C.E.

Civilizations led to inequality Burial sites and architecture show inequalities Slavery arises with civilizations Society becomes patriarchal Laws make distinctions between classes Egyptian man beating a slave while another begs for mercy

Legal System The Code of Hammurabi Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators lex talionis – “law of retaliation” Social status and punishment women as property, but some rights

Rise of Patriarchal Societies Warfare Plow based agriculture Taming nature More children Property inheritance “Demotion of the Goddess” Continues today What led to the rise of patriarchal societies? Intensive agriculture – away from home Women are pregnant more often – more difficult to participate in agriculture Food preparation and child care = less access to resources = lower status Increased warfare = rise of warrior class --- which excludes women Art and architecture highlight taming of nature --- women seen as close to nature ---- and to be tamed? Property inheritance leads to a desire to control sexual behaviors of women Religions focus on one male creator --- women had nothing to do with creation… goodbye goddess Describe rights of Egyptian women What is horticulture?

Writing systems emerge Study the table on page 79 of the textbook. Add three observations to your notebook. Cuneiform Oracle bones

Mesopotamia 3,000 B.C.E.

Temple “Mountain of the Gods 80% Urban Ziggurat at Ur Defensive Walls