Income Distribution and Undernutrition Text extracted from The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2004 ttp://www.amazon.com/World-Food-Problem-Toward-Undernutrition/dp/1588266389

Poorest of the Poor Live in third world Mostly landless Work for others, menial jobs Poorly educated Illiterate Superstitious Squatters who live in huts Almost no food Fragmented household Debt to relatives or lenders http://archives.zinester.com/60514/143124/232308_slum.JPG

Per capita incomes differ Democratic Republic Congo: $80/yr Switzerland: $38,330 Average person in Switzerland makes 500X more than in Mozambique. If compute purchasing power parity, difference between richest and poorest countries is 80X http://faculty.washington.edu/wgold/family%20on%20crinnenhorn.jpg http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38542000/jpg/_38542715_family300bbc.jpg

Purchasing Power Parity 2003 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PPP2003.svg

Global Incomes

Distribution of World GNP 1989 2011 http://i.unu.edu/media/ourworld.unu.edu-en/article/13169/gdp-graph.jpg

Human Development Index Measures quality of life High HDI High income countries Low HDI Low income countries HDI not perfectly correlated with income http://bp0.blogger.com/_vxI-ox6Dacw/R0yJQ0c_8YI/AAAAAAAAAO4/jCG1CPQfBb0/s1600-h/HDI+map.JPG

Gini Coefficient Gini coefficient: Lowest inequity is in Japan Based on area of crescent made by Lorenz curve measures inequity of wealth = A/A+B Gini index = Gini coefficient x 100 Lowest inequity is in Japan Gini coefficient = .249 Gini index = 24.9 Richest 20% controls 35% of income Highest inequity is in Brazil Gini index= 60.7 Richest 20% controls 64% of income

Global Gini Coefficients http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gini_Coefficient_World_Human_Development_Report_2007-2008.png/800px-Gini_Coefficient_World_Human_Development_Report_2007-2008.png

Kuznets Curve As a country develops, rich must get richer first Therefore inequity will increase initially Later, inequity will drop as prosperity increases Data from 75 countries

Wealthy out-compete poor for food Can outbid poor for food Also purchase more livestock Herd becomes more dependent on grain Price of grain is bid up Harder for the poor to buy grain

Overall inequity declining slowly after rise starting in 1980s http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/gallery/media/poverty2.jpg https://pslarson2.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/worldgini.png

Child Labor 250 million children work worldwide Jobs 22% of workforce in Asia 17% of workforce in Latin America 1/3 of children in sub-Saharan Africa Jobs Agriculture Textiles Maids and services Construction and manufacturing Prostitution Many sold into debt bondage To pay parent’s debt or as collateral Advance on wages http://uzbekistan.neweurasia.net/wp-content/images/june-2007/01_02a.jpg

U.S. Poor are Wealthy Poverty income Person at poverty line in U.S. $9,359/yr Person at poverty line in U.S. has higher income than 80% of people in the world 97% poor households in U.S. have color TV

U.S. Middle Class Decline http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/MiddleClass_6.png

U.S. Inequity increasing Gini coefficients: 1968: 38.6: 1970: 39.4 1980: 40.3 1990: 42.2 2000: 46.2 2007: 47.0 http://www.visualizingeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/us_income_inequal_5_15_2006.jpg

Rich in U.S. getting richer http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/images/P1-AL265_COMPAR_20080420183003.gif

Hunger in the U.S.A. 41 million people live in households that experience hunger (2016) Includes 6.5 million children One in 8 households in the United States 1/5 of U.S. food ends up in the landfill Sources: USDA (2016), Feeding America (2015)

http://www.bendib.com/newones/2006/november/large/End%20of%20Hunger%20in%20US.jpg