1. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 1 Economic Growth: Important Facts (1) Long Run Growth in the World (2) Balanced Growth in the US? (3) Long Run Effect of Growth Differentials (4) Spanish Economic Growth Compared (5) World Income Distribution (Stability and Differences Rich/Poor) (6) Heterogeneity of Economic Growth and Changes in the World Income Distribution

2. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 2 (1) Economic Growth in the Very Long Run

3. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 3 (2) US (Balanced) Growth Since 1890

4. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 4 (3) Long Run Effects of Growth Differentials -The real per capita GDP in the United States has been growing at a rate of 1.8% per year since 1870. -This performance has given the US the second highest level of per capita GDP in the world (after Luxembourg, a country with a population of only about 400.000 inhabitants)

5. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 5 If, starting in 1870, the US had grown at a rate of 0,8% (similar to the one experienced over the same period in India (0,64) or Pakistan (0,88) ), now the US would have a per capita GDP 72% LOWER than the actual value. To put it another way, if the growth rate had been lower by just 1 percentage point per year, today’s US GDP per capita would have been close to that of Argentina or Romania. On the other hand, if, starting in 1870, the US had grown at a rate of 2,8% (close to the long run growth experienced by Japan(2,95% from 1890 to 1990) and Taiwan(2,75% from 1900 to 1987), now the US would have a per capita GDP 3,8 times higher than the actual value. Long Run Effects of Growth Differentials

6. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 6 Argentina Romania Long Run Effects of Growth Differentials

7. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 7 Japan GDP per capita in 1990 was about 20 times its level in 1890 US GDP per capita in 2000 was more than 10 times its level in 1870 Spain GDP per capita in 2007 was nearly 3 times its level in 1969 Long Run Effects of Growth Differentials

8. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 8 (4) Spanish Economic Growth Since 1970 Spain’s growth from 1970 to 2007 has averaged 2,67%, while Germany’s has averaged 1,85% and Europe’s 2,04%.

9. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 9 (5) The World Income Distribution in 1960 and 1990/2000 Indicators of (the stability) of the World Income Distribution On the Differences between Rich and Poor

10. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 10

11. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 11 Log GDP/person 1960 Log GDP/person 2000

12. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 12 The Difference between Rich (Productive) and Poor (Unproductive) Countries If Tanzania were to grow at the long term US rate of 1,8% per year, it would take 235 years to reach the 2000 US per capita GDP. The range of growth rates from 1960 to 2000 goes from -2% ((Democratic Republic of Congo) to 6.4% (Taiwan). Forty year differences in growth rates of this magnitude have enormous consequences for standards of living.

13. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 13 Spreads in Per Capita GDP An average American produces: -In 239 days what an average Spaniard produces a year -In 105 days what an average Argentinian produces a year -In 20 days what an average Pakistani produces a year -In 1,59 days what an average Zimbabwan produces a year -In 79 days what an average citizen of the world produces a year

14. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 14 Days the US needs to produce the equivalent to other countries total GDP

15. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 15 (6) Differences in Growth Performance Heterogeneity in economic growth rates Geographic growth patterns

16. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 16 Growth rate of per capita GDP 1960-2000

17. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 17 As a rough generalization for regional growth experiences: -Sub-Saharan Africa started relatively poor in 1960 and grew at the lowest rate, so it ended by far the poorest area in 2000. -Asia started only slightly above Africa in many cases but grew rapidly and ended up mostly in the middle. -Latin America started in the mid to high range, grew somewhat below average, and therefore ended up mostly in the middle along with Asia. -OECD countries started highest in 1960, grew in a middle range or better, and therefore ended up still the richest.

18. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 18 19601970198019902003 World37975967746379369749 South East Asia20562706465959988945 Sub-Saharan Africa14231837211322072626 Brazil26703976666968347204 India8701154135018972990 China44550075116784970 Zimbabwe22772880322734482438

19. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 19 Per capita GDP in 1960

20. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 20 Per capita GDP in 2006

21. Macroeconomics I SLIDE SET 0SLIDE 21