KUDos: Understand: Do: 8.15.18 Know: Native Americans in GA Understand: SS8H1 Evaluate the impact of European exploration and settlement on American Indians in Georgia. a. Describe the characteristics of American Indians living in Georgia at the time of European contact; to include culture, food, weapons/tools, and shelter. Do: Checkpoint OneSheet Activity

How long can you survive… Without water? 3-4 days Without food? 3 weeks Without sleep? 11 days In 0 degree water? 15-45 minutes

First Humans in the Americas What would be some challenges they would face? What do you think they had with them? Would you be able to survive in a new undiscovered planet on your own?

Migration/Movement What does migration mean? Where did the first Native Americans come from? When did the first human beings arrive in America?

Migration/Movement Migration – people or animals who move from one location to another. During the last Ice Age, the first humans to step foot on North America came across a frozen bridge between Asia and North America called Beringia.

Earliest People In search of food. They followed big game animals. (woolly mammoths, mastodons, caribou, and moose). Used Clovis points to hunt Very Nomadic

Archaic Period – 8,000-1,000 BCE By the end of the ice age, BIG animals like the woolly mammoth were becoming extinct. (climate change and over hunting) Started hunting smaller game (deer, bear, rabbit, birds, fish)

Began to use the bow and arrow as the main tool for hunting Began to use the bow and arrow as the main tool for hunting. Arrow points were frequently made out of stone, shark teeth, and deer antlers.

The Woodland people would also build effigy mounds The Woodland people would also build effigy mounds. An effigy mound is a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal, symbol, religious figure, or human figure. Effigy mounds were only built during the Late Woodland Period. Rock Eagle in Eatonton, GA

Mississippian American Indians The Mississippian culture was a complex “chiefdom” society. chiefdom- hierarchical society of “elites” (power holders) and “commoners” (work force) The Mississippian created large towns near rivers that featured a central plaza, residential zones and defense structures (palisades, guard towers, and moats). The focus of the plaza was the earthen mounds dedicated to religious and social activity. Some served as cemeteries.

Mississippian Towns The focus of the plaza was the earthen mounds, dedicated to religious and social activity. Some served as cemeteries. Thousands of families lived in these towns. One-room wattle and daub shelters (walls built of a network of interwoven sticks and covered with mud or clay) served as sleeping facilities as they usually spent their days in the open.

Mississippian Society and Culture The Mississippian Indians used stone, wood, and bone to create weapons and farming tools. They were accomplished craftsmen, creating pottery, pipes, instruments, and jewelry. A widespread trade network connected Mississippian towns. Trade with other towns consisted of raw materials as well as finished goods, including shell beads, pottery with abstract images, and stone tools.

Agriculture and Hunting Early Mississippians practiced horticulture (garden cultivation) and eventually moved into large scale agriculture as their population swelled. Initially, maize (corn) was their dominant crop and they eventually added squash, sunflowers, pumpkins, and beans. They would store food for next year. Unlike today’s farmers, the Mississippians did not plant fields of individual crops. Instead, the fields were intermixed with a variety of plants. Tall corn stalks provided a shield against damaging sun rays for ground level crops. Tobacco was planted for ritual usage. Using bows and arrows and chert (sedimentary rock) knives, bone evidence indicates that they hunted deer, rabbit, muskrat, beaver, raccoon, and turkey. Turtle and fish were also a part of their diet. They gathered seasonal fruits, including plums, grapes, blackberries, and raspberries as well as a variety of nuts.

ETOWAH INDIAN MOUNDS Cartersville, GA Home to several thousand Native Americans between 1000 A.D. to 1550 A.D., this 54-acre site contains six earthen mounds, a plaza, village area, borrow pits and defensive ditch. This is the most intact Mississippian Culture site in the Southeastern United States. While only nine percent of this site has been excavated, examination at Mound C and surrounding artifacts revealed much about the people who lived here more than 500 years ago. 16