1. Ch. 2 Essential Questions

2. Standards
SS8H1 – Evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on Native American cultures

3. The 3 Periods of North American History
Paleo-Indian Period – 10,000 years ago
Archaic Period – 8000 BC – 1000 BC
Woodland Period 1000 BC – 1000 AD
Mississippian Culture followed the Woodland Period and is considered the highest stage of Native American culture!

5. Paleo Indian Characteristics
Contains the earliest known people of North America.
About 10,000 years ago when glaciers from the ice age began to melt
Paleo Indians hunted woolly mammoths, bison, horses moose and elk.
Nomads – People who move from place to place following food supplies.

6. Archaic Period
Around 8000 BC Earth’s climate warmed up. Big animals disappeared and forests began to grow.
Descendants of Paleo-Indians began to thrive: Archaic Indians.
Lived in North America from 8000 BC to 1000 BC.
1st Culture of Georgia

7. Archaic Period
Developed improved techniques for fishing, gathering and hunting
They used small spear points, and stone axes.
The small tools were used to hunt smaller animals.
Smaller animals wouldn’t feed as many people, so they had to get food from somewhere else.
They gathered nuts, berries, etc…
Other artifacts suggest that these people lived in rock shelters or pit houses. No permanent settlements!

9. Archaic Period
Archaic people DID NOT have three things: bows and arrows, pottery and agriculture.

10. Woodland Period This period lasted from 1000 B.C. to around 1000 A.D.
The Woodland Indians developed agriculture.
They also developed pottery, and bow and arrows
Woodland Native Americans built villages along streams where the soil was soft.
Woodland Indians built protective walls around their villages.

11. Woodland Indians Advanced villages with houses built in a circle
Formed trading networks
Formed tribes that fought wars with each other
Practiced rituals and ceremonies

12. Mississippian Culture
The period that followed the Woodland Period is known for the Mississippian Culture
The Mississippian People originated along the Mississippi and Ohio River, but stretched from Georgia to Minnesota

13. Achievements of Mississpian – 5 characteristics of Civilization
Cities
Specialized Jobs
Organized Government and religion
A system of record keeping
Advanced tool
Why would all these change the culture and why would they need all these things

14. Mississippian Culture
Etowah Indians lived in North Georgia.
Their flat-topped earthen mounds are still there today.
Also large ceremonial lodge built of red clay near Macon, Georgia off the Ocmulgee River
The Mississippian Peoples grew three main crops: corn, beans and squash.

15. Etowah (Mississippian Culture)
Etowah Indians lived in North Georgia.
Their flat-topped earthen mounds are still there today.
Also large ceremonial lodge built of red clay near Macon, Georgia off the Ocmulgee River

17. 5 Civilized Tribes
Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw and Chickasaw were the “5 Civilized Tribes”.
Creek were the dominant tribe in Georgia
Cherokee was 2nd largest in Georgia