Chapter Seven Patrol: The Backbone of Policing Police in America Chapter Seven Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

Patrol: The Backbone of Policing Function of Patrol Crime prevention Maintain feelings of public safety Available for service Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

Patrol: Delivery of Police Services Organization and Delivery of Patrol Number of Officers Distribution of Officers Assignments Location – Hot Spots Patrol: Delivery of Police Services

Patrol: The Number of Officers Police-Population Ratio Large Departments – 2.6/1,000 population Missouri - ? Patrol: The Number of Officers

Patrol: The Number of Officers City Pop Total law enforcement employees Total officers Total civilians   Top Five - Missouri Cities Bellerive 250 22 21 1 84 Pasadena Park 452 46.46 Oakland 1,544 71 59 12 38.212 Randolph 54 2 37.037 Uplands Park 432 11 9 20.833 Bottom Five - Missouri Cities Tipton 3,278 3 0.9152 New Franklin 1,093 0.9149 Maysville 1,120 0.8929 Country Club Village 2,437 0.8207 Oran 1,247 0.8019 Average of Missouri Cities 3.46 Patrol: The Number of Officers

Patrol: The Number of Officers City Population Total law enforcement employees Total officers Total civilians   # Officers/1,000 Kansas City 483,191 1,993 1,404 589 2.91 St. Louis 355,151 1,920 1,363 557 3.84 Springfield 157,110 357 285 72 1.81 Independence 121,141 302 204 98 1.68 Columbia 103,417 189 158 31 1.53 Lee's Summit 87,707 188 132 56 1.51 O'Fallon 81,851 136 107 29 1.31 St. Joseph 75,922 115 43 St. Charles 65,729 155 111 44 1.69 St. Peters 56,518 110 86 24 1.52 Blue Springs 56,226 119 87 32 1.55 Joplin 50,346 156 45 2.20 Average Cities above 50,000 population 1.92 Patrol: The Number of Officers

Patrol: Officers Assigned to Patrol Small communities Larger communities Patrol: Officers Assigned to Patrol

Patrol: Distribution of Officers Put officers: Where they are needed When they are needed Poor parts of town Usually more crime Patrol: Distribution of Officers

Patrol: Distribution of Officers Frequent vs. Infrequent Rotation of Shifts/Beats Corruption Measure Familiarity “is deleterious to the physical and psychological health of the individual and to the well being of the organization.” Patrol: Distribution of Officers

Patrol: Hot Spots Crime is not committed randomly Officers should not be placed randomly When do you need them? Where do you need them? Patrol: Hot Spots

Types of Patrol How effective are these? Patrol Foot Auto Motorcycle Bicycle

Foot Patrol Flagstaff, Arizona P.D.

Bicycle Patrol Pennsylvania Capital Police Bike Patrol

Motorcycle Patrol Maumee Police Department Maumee, Ohio

Automobile Patrol Carbon E7

Patrol Car(Carbon E7) BMW inline-6 turbo-diesel rear wheel drive Six-speed automatic transmission Performance 0-60 mph 6.5 secs Quarter Mile 4.5 secs@98 mph Top Speed 155 mph Fuel Economy 28-30 mpg

ballistic protection (front doors and dash panel) Patrol Car(Carbon E7) Durability 250,000 mile 75 mph rear impact crash Cockpit - fitted law enforcement equipment ballistic protection (front doors and dash panel) Reverse backup camera 360 degree surveillance License plate recognition Night vision interior Infrared system

Rumor has it that the Carbon E7 may cost around $80,000. Some of you had doubts as to the accuracy of the speed of the Carbon E7. It would help if I had placed a 1 in front of the time of 4.5, making it 14.5 seconds. The E7 looks very competitive with the Caprice, Charger and Ford police packages. Rumor has it that the Carbon E7 may cost around $80,000. Don’t worry about the “worst” of these cars, it hasn’t been produced since 2008.   Chevrolet Caprice PPV` Dodge Charger Pursuit Ford Police Interceptro Sedan Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Carbon E7 0-60 5.7 5.6 5.3 7.6 6.5 Quarter Mile - Time 14.2 14.1 13.9 15.8 14.5 Quarter Mile - Speed 101 102 100.9 88.9 98

I might even ask several questions concerning this vehicle to see who is looking at it. Carbon E7

TWO OFFICER CARS?

One Person Patrol Units Efficient 2X More Area 2X Calls One person Less resisting arrest / Assaulted less / More arrests / More crime reports One Person Patrol Units

Types of Patrol: Advantages vs. Disadvantages Type of Patrol Percent Used Personal Contact Patrol Coverage Inclement Weather Automobile 84% Less Good Yes Foot 4% Much more Poor No Motorcycle 5% More Moderate Bicycles Types of Patrol: Advantages vs. Disadvantages

Style of Patrol - Individual Dispatched Activity Based upon call to the P.D. Officer-Initiated Activity Based upon officer’s initiative Style of Patrol - Individual

Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson) Watchman Style Emphasis on Order maintenance Ignore “little stuff” Tough on crime Officer is given great latitude Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)

Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson) Legalistic Style Emphasis on law enforcement More traffic tickets Juvenile taken into custody Use little things to find bigger things Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)

Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson) Service Style Often informal intervention Deal with a broad array of problems Community relations and public education are important Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)

Effectiveness of Patrol Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment Controversial results Challenged traditional assumptions about patrol Newark Foot Patrol Experiment Crime Citizen attitudes Kansas City Response Time Study Effectiveness of Patrol

Effectiveness of Patrol Kansas City Response Time Study 80-90% reported too slowly to help Discovery/Reporting – Victim controlled Processing – Dispatcher controlled Travel – Officer controlled Usually you’re already too late Discovery Time Reporting Time Processing Time Travel time At-scene Time Effectiveness of Patrol

Effectiveness of Patrol Improving Patrol Differential Response to calls (Immediate/delay/none) Telephone Reporting Units (Reports over the phone) 311 Nonemergency Numbers (Reduces patrol work) Non-English 911 Call Services Reverse 911 Computers and Video Cameras Police Aids or Cadets Directed Patrol (Go where the crime is to patrol) Effectiveness of Patrol

The Communications Center Modern Communications Technology Information Processing Prioritizing Calls Operators Dispatchers 911 Systems

911 System Only ½ of all calls to 911 result in a dispatch Operators ask questions of callers Operators assess situation Operators decide how many and which officers to dispatch Patrol officers responding to calls experience great uncertainty 911 System

Police Research Historical Context Calls for Service Systematic Study of Police Patrol Response Time