EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL

Bell Ringer  Explain some features on Earth that are created due to the movement of water.

Bell Ringer  Study your notes on the Water Cycle for your quiz!

Bell Ringer Study for your Article Quiz!

Bell Ringer  List things that you eat or drink that contain water. Then briefly explain how each of these products receive the water they need to be created.

Bell Ringer  In at least 20 words explain how having clean drinking water is important. You must use the following words: contamination, overuse, recycling, and clean. Those words don’t count towards your total.

Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer  Where do we find most of our freshwater sources on Earth?

Freshwater Freshwater 3% of all of Earth’s water is freshwater (lacking salt). Less than 1% of this water is available to be consumed by organisms.

Freshwater The Water Cycle Water constantly moves among the oceans, the atmosphere, the solid Earth, and the biosphere. The unending circulation of Earth’s water supply is the water or hydrologic cycle.

Freshwater The Water Cycle  Processes involved in the water cycle: • evaporation-when a liquid is changed into a gas • precipitation-any form of H2O that falls from a cloud • runoff-H2O flows over land surface; not in ground • infiltration-the movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces • transpiration-the release of water into the atmosphere from plants through the ground • condensation-water vapor changed to a liquid

The Water Cycle Makes no sense without caption in book

Freshwater Earth’s Water Balance  Balance in the water cycle means the average annual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates.

Freshwater Stream Characteristics Stream is a general term for a body of water that has a current confined within a bed and banks.

Freshwater Stream Characteristics Important terms about streams: • Stream Channel – the course the water in a stream follows.

Freshwater Stream Characteristics Important terms about streams: • Headwaters (source) - where a stream begins

Freshwater Stream Characteristics Important terms about streams: • Mouth – where a stream enters the ocean.

Bell Ringer Describe the life of a water molecule using the following terms: Precipitation Evaporation Condensation Infiltration Transpiration

Freshwater Streamflow  The ability of a stream to erode and transport materials depends largely on its velocity (speed).. • Gradient is the slope or steepness of a stream channel.

Freshwater Streamflow • Channel Characteristics - The shape, size, and roughness determine the velocity of the stream

Freshwater Streamflow • Discharge of a stream is the volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time.

Freshwater Changes from Upstream to Downstream  While gradient decreases between a stream’s headwaters (source) and mouth, discharge increases.

Changes from Upstream to Downstream Freshwater

Freshwater Changes from Upstream to Downstream  Factors that decrease downstream • gradient, or slope • channel roughness

Freshwater Changes from Upstream to Downstream  Factors that increase downstream • velocity • discharge • channel size

Freshwater Changes from Upstream to Downstream  Meanders • A stream in a broad, flat-bottomed valley often develops a channel with many bends.

Freshwater Changes from Upstream to Downstream  A tributary is a stream that empties into another stream.

Freshwater Changes from Upstream to Downstream  A drainage basin is the land area that contributes water to a stream.

Erosion Freshwater  Streams generally erode their channels, lifting loose particles by abrasion, grinding, and by dissolving soluble material.

Freshwater Deposition  A stream’s bedload is solid material too large to carry in suspension.  The capacity of a stream is the maximum load it can carry.

Freshwater Deposition  Deposition occurs as stream flow drops below the critical settling velocity of a certain particle size. The deposits are called alluvium.

Freshwater Deposition  Deltas are an accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean.

The Yellowstone River Is an Example of a V-Shaped Valley

The Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon Skywalk

Freshwater Floods and Flood Control  A flood occurs when the discharge of a stream becomes so great that it exceeds the capacity of its channel and overflows its banks.

Freshwater Floods and Flood Control  Measures to control flooding include artificial levees, flood control dams, and placing limits on floodplain development. http://www.nad.usace.army.mil/portals/40/siteimages/NACCS/07.gif

Ohio River Flooding

Bell Ringer  List some causes of a flood, and then explain some possible effects from the flood occurring.

Freshwater Distribution and Movement of Water Underground  Much of the water in soil seeps downward until it reaches the zone of saturation.

Freshwater Distribution and Movement of Water Underground  The zone of saturation is where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment & rock. • Groundwater is the water within this zone. • The water table is the upper level of the saturation zone of groundwater.

Freshwater Distribution and Movement of Water Underground  Movement • Porosity - The percentage of pore spaces - Determines how much groundwater can be stored

Freshwater Distribution and Movement of Water Underground  Movement • Permeability - Ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces

6.3 Water Beneath the Surface Springs 6.3 Water Beneath the Surface  A spring forms whenever the water table intersects the ground surface.  Geysers • Intermittent hot springs • Water turns to steam and erupts.

Geyser Eruption Cycle

Freshwater Distribution and Movement of Water Underground  Aquifers • Permeable rock layers that transmit groundwater freely.

Freshwater Wells  A well is a hole bored into the zone of saturation. • Pumping can cause a drawdown (lowering) of the water table.

Wells Freshwater • Pumping can form a cone of depression in the water table.

Freshwater Environmental Problems Associated with Freshwater  Overuse and contamination threatens freshwater supplies. • Being treated as a nonrenewable resource • Mismanagement of viable water sources