1. Unit 4 Hydrosphere 1

2. 2 Bell Work 1.What is the water cycle? 2.Why is it called a “cycle”? 3.Why can we say the water we drink could be dinosaur urine?

3. The Water Cycle

4. What is the water cycle?  It describes how water circulates through our environment  Water changes from liquid to gas and back to liquid over and over again.

5. 1. Evaporation  Water turns from LIQUID → GAS (water vapor)  Water evaporates from any surface (i.e. oceans, lakes) into the atmosphere Steps in the water cycle Water vapor (gas) Water (liquid)

6. 2. Condensation  Water turns from GAS (water vapor) → LIQUID  Molecules of water vapor join together to form a liquid and condense into clouds or dew

7. 3. Precipitation  Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the Earth

8. 4. Infiltration  The seeping or percolation of water into soil or rocks through cracks in the ground.

9. Infiltration  After seeping into the ground, water flows into lakes & rivers precipitation infiltration runoff

10. 5. Runoff  Water that flows down a slope on Earth’s surface and enters a stream, river, lake or ocean

11. Runoff  Factors affecting runoff rate: steepness of slope, vegetation, rate of precipitation & soil composition.  Water that doesn’t infiltrate becomes runoff.

12. 6. Transpiration  Evaporation of water off of a plant  Plants absorb water through their roots and release it back into the atmosphere by evaporation from their leaves

13. Transpiration

14. Water Cycle Trees

15. Water Cycle

16. 16 Homework Read the article about drinking water. 1.Why do people in the “west” think that diseases from drinking contaminated water are NOT a big problem? 2.How can organizations like Water4 help end the global water crisis? 3.What is the main risk of drinking polluted water?

17. Exit Ticket On a 3x5 notecard answer the following questions: 1.What is the difference between evaporation and transpiration 2.How could deforestation affect the water cycle?

18. Bell Work  How have humans altered the balance of infiltration and runoff?

19. Stream Development

20. On Earth’s surface water can… Evaporate into the air Infiltrate into the ground Runoff down slopes

21. Runoff leads to Erosion… Driven by gravity Weathered rock particles are moved, transported and deposited

22. Stream Channel: a narrow pathway carved into the ground by moving water Stream Banks: confine the water flowing in the stream channel Runoff leads to Stream Development …

23. Stream Channel http://www.co.clay.mn.us/Depts/Extensio/images/PGSW68L.jpg Stream Bank http://www.co.centre.pa.us/conservation/photos/repairedstreambank.jpg

24. Floodplains: areas along the boarders of some streams filled with deposited sediments

25. Stream Development: Early stages Water flows at a high velocity V-shaped channels are formed Stream Banks have steep sides (gradients)

26. Stream Development: Early stages Low volume of water (low discharge) Form canyons or gorges (i.e. the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon) Little to no floodplain

27. Early Stage Stream http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1760428/2/istockphoto_1 760428_grand_canyon_colorado_river_with_raft.jpg

28. Streams erode into U-shaped valleys Increased discharge or water volume Shallower stream banks Stream Development: Middle Stages

29. Stream slows, bends and winds forming meandering streams Small floodplains form Stream Development: Middle Stages

30. Stream Development: Middle Stages – Meandering Stream

31. Streams become rivers and flow into oceans Water velocity slows Water discharge is high Stream Development: Late stages

32. Large Floodplains called Deltas as sediment is deposited Stream bank gradient is flat Stream Development: Late stages

34. Exit Ticket 1.How does the velocity of a stream or river change from it’s earliest formation to the point where it empties into the ocean? 2.Give 3 reasons for the increased floodplain at later stages of stream development compared to early stages of stream development.

35. Bell Work 1.Why do you think the volume of water (discharge) increases as a stream develops and becomes older? 2.Why do you think flooding and floodplains are essential for a healthy river system?

36. River Systems

37. Slope, Infiltration and Runoff: infiltration of water depends on the steepness of the slope Steep slope → rapid runoff, little infiltration, more erosion Little slope → little runoff, more infiltration, less erosion

38. River Systems  Tributaries: The streams & rivers that flow into a larger river  River System: A river & all of its tributaries

39. River Basin:   The land that water flows across or under on its way to a river   Everyone lives in a river basin NC River Basins

40. Watershed:  Areas of land around a smaller river, stream or lake.  Large river basins will have many watersheds.

41. Divide: High land area that separates one watershed from another

42. Groundwater: Water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel and rocks below Earth’s surface

43. Aquifer: Porous rock layer underground that is a reservoir for water

44. Estuary: Semi-enclosed area where fresh water from a river meets salty water from the sea

45. NC River Basins 1.Cape Fear 2.Yadkin-PeeDee 3.White Oak 4.Tar-Pamlico 5.Neuse 6.Roanoke 7.Pasquotank 8.Lumber 9.Catawba 10.French Broad 11.Little Tennessee 12.Broad 13.Chowan 14.New 15.Hiwassee 16.Watauga 17.Savannah

46. Exit Ticket 1.When a river meets the ocean, what happens? What is formed? 2.What happens in erosion? How do streams contribute to erosion? 3.Which factor LEAST affects rates of runoff a.Slope b.Vegetation c.Volume of runoff d.Nearness to water