The Cardiovascular System 11 The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System Introduction: *2 Organs & 1Tissues of the Cardiovascular System: what are they? *Organs = *Tissue = Anterior View

Anterior View Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Superior vena cava Left subclavian artery Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left atrium Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery in coronary sulcus (right atrioventricular groove) Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus (left atrioventricular groove) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex (a) Anterior View Figure 11.3a

I. The Heart A. Introduction *Location: Basic Structure: Chambers 2nd Rib A. Introduction *Location: Basic Structure: Chambers *Base *Apex Size = *Main Tissue Type: 3. *Basic Function: Sternum Diaphragm 7th Rib Diaphragm Anterior View Base Diaphragm Apex

Midsternal line 2nd rib Sternum Diaphragm (a) Point of maximal intensity (PMI) (a) Anterior View Figure 11.1a

Anterior View Superior vena cava Aorta Parietal pleura (cut) Pulmonary trunk Left lung Pericardium (cut) Apex of heart Diaphragm Anterior View (c) Figure 11.1c

B. Anatomy Heart Coverings = Pericardium = a double-walled sac; made of “a” and “b” below a. Fibrous pericardium: describe b. Serous membrane: Visceral pericardium = epicardium of heart which is part of the Pericardium and the Heart Wall Parietal pericardium c. *Serous fluid: Fibrous Pericardium Parietal Pericardium Visceral P.

Mediastinum Heart Left lung Posterior (b) Superior View of a Transverse Section Figure 11.1b

2. The Heart: Heart Wall give location and tissue for all the below a. *Epicardium Tissue b. *Myocardium c. *Endocardium (Endothelium) Pericardium Pulmonary trunk Fibrous pericardium Parietal pericardium Pericardium Pericardial cavity Myocardium Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) Heart Wall Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber

i) *Structure: size, amount of muscle? ii) Receive blood from: 3. Chambers– 4 a. Atria i) *Structure: size, amount of muscle? ii) Receive blood from: Right A. Left A. b. Ventricles i) *Structure size, amount of muscle? ii) Pump blood to: Right V. Left V. RA LA LV RV Anterior View of frontal section

Anterior View showing a transverse section Left ventricle Right ventricle Anterior View showing a transverse section Muscular interventricular septum Figure 11.5

4. The Heart: Septa - Mostly made up cardiac muscle a. Interventricular septum *Separates: b. Interatrial septum Anterior View

5. The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation Rule about Arteries and Veins Veins Arteries b) General Path of Blood into Arteries and from Veins Into heart via Veins  _______________ Atria  _______________ of same side Ventricle  ________________ Anterior View

The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation … c) Two Circulations i) Systemic circulation: From left side of the heart: to ii) Pulmonary circulation: From right side of the heart to: iii) Blood in both circulations: move in synchrony as they are connected are via the heart chambers d) Like 2 separate pumps *Right Side of Heart pumps blood to where? *Left Side of Heart pumps blood to where?

Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Venae cavae Aorta and branches Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Heart Right ventricle Systemic Circuit Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs KEY: Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood Figure 11.4

- Two types of valves– total of 4 valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves 6. The Heart: Valves - *Function: - Two types of valves– total of 4 valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves - *Are between ? i) *Cusps ii) *Chordae Tendineae function iii) Specific Valves: Bicuspid (mitral) Tricuspid (right) Bicuspid Tricuspid Anterior View

b) Semilunar valves -. Are between b) Semilunar valves - *Are between ? i) Pulmonary semilunar ii) Aortic semilunar Aortic S Pulmonary S Anterior View

Superior vena cava Aorta Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Left atrium Right atrium Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Pulmonary semilunar valve Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve) Fossa ovalis Aortic semilunar valve Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) Left ventricle Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Inferior vena cava Myocardium Visceral pericardium (b) Anterior View showing Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves. Figure 11.3b

c) When valves are open and closed: Heart Valves … c) When valves are open and closed: i) Heart is filling with blood when: AV valves: Semilunar valves: ii) Heart Pumping = Ventricles contract: iii) Valves operate opposite of one another Anterior View

7. Blood Vessels Attached To Heart Pulmonary Trunk a) Arteries i) *Aorta *Blood enters Aorta from: *Takes blood to: ii) Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries (2) *Blood enters P Trunk from: Pulmonary Trunk  L and R Pulmonary A. *Pulmonary Arteries take blood to: Aorta

Associated Great Vessels … b) Veins i) Superior Vena Cava Blood returns from: and goes to: ii) Inferior Venae Cava And goes to: iii) Pulmonary veins (4)

Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Superior vena cava Left subclavian artery Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left atrium Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery in coronary sulcus (right atrioventricular groove) Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus (left atrioventricular groove) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex (a) Figure 11.3a

8. Blood Vessels that serve the Cardiac Muscle a. Arteries i) *Coronary arteries: *Branch from: *Oxygen content: b. Veins i) Cardiac veins: Empty blood to: Oxygen content: ii) Coronary sinus: Coronary Sinus empties blood to:

8. Blood Flow Through the Heart Superior & Inferior Vena Cava  RA RA  tricuspid valve  RV RV  pulmonary semilunar valve  Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Trunk  Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries  Lungs AORTA LPA RPA SV PV LA RA RV LV IV

Lungs  Pulmonary veins  LA AORTA Lungs  Pulmonary veins  LA LA  Bicuspid Valve  LV LV  Aortic Semilunar Valve  Aorta Aorta  body cells SV PA LPV LA RPV RA LV RV IV

Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Venae cavae Aorta and branches Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Heart Right ventricle Systemic Circuit Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs KEY: Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood Figure 11.4