1. Cardiovascular System - Heart Anatomy
Ms. Mullings

2. Objective
You will be able to describe the location of the heart and identify the major anatomical areas

3. Heart Position, Size, Shape
Approx. size of your fist
Hollow
Cone Shaped
Weighs less than one pound
Located in thoracic cavity, between lungs and deep to sternum
Tilts to left, so about 2/3 of heart lies to left of median plane

4. Heart Parts
Base: broad superior portion of heart; the point of attachment for the “great vessels”
Apex: inferior end of heart that tapers to a blunt point; sits immediately above the diaphragm

5. Coverings and Wall
Enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium
Inner layer- visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Outside layer- parietal pericardium/sac
Fluid in between the two layers called the pericardial fluid
Lubricates the membranes and allows to beat almost without friction; isolates the heart from other thoracic organs

6. Heart Wall Three layers: Epicardium
Myocardium- the thickest layer by far; performs work of heart; made of cardiac muscle
Endocardium- lines the interior of the heart chambers; continuous with blood vessels

7. Heart Wall

8. Heart Chambers
Four hollow chambers: two atria (singular atrium) and two ventricles
Atria- thin walled receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the great veins
Ventricles- pumps that eject blood into the arteries and keep flowing around body
Intraventricular Septum- septum that divides the heart longitudinally

9. Superior Vena Cava
Aortic Arch
Right Pulmonary A
Left Pulmonary A
Left Pulmonary V
Ascending Aorta
Right Atrium
Left Atria
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Semilunar
Valve
Aortic Semilunar
Valve
R AV/Tricupsid Valve
L AV/Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
Right Venticle
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Epicardium
Interventricular Septum
Descending Aorta
Myocardium

10. Valve Info
To pump blood effectively, the heart needs valves that ensure a predominantly one-way flow
A valve is between each atrium and ventricle and at the exit from each ventricle into its great vessel
No valve exists between great vessels and atria
Each valve consists of 2-3 flaps of tissue called cusps

11. Atrioventricular Valves
AV valves
Regulate the openings between the atria and ventricles
Right AV valve (aka the tricuspid valve) has 3 cusps
Left AV valve (aka the biscupid or mitral valve) has 2 cusps
String-like tendons- chordae tendineae- connect the valves to the floor of the ventricle

12. Semilunar Valves
Regulate the blood flow from the ventricles into the great arteries
The pulmonary semilunar valve controls the opening from the R ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
The aortic semilunar valve controls the opening from the L venticle into the aorta
Each has 3 cusps and no chordae tendineae

13. Practice Question
The partition in the superior midline of the heart is the _______________.

14. Practice Question
The pointed tip of the heart is called the ____________.

15. Practice Question
The type of blood that is found in the right ventricle is __________________.

16. Practice Question
The layer of the heart wall that contains cardiac muscle tissue is the:
a) visceral pericardium
b) parietal pericardium
c) endocardium
d) epicardium
e) myocardium

17. Practice Question The atria of the heart:
a) are located superiorly and are the receiving chambers of the heart
b) located inferiorly and are the receiving chambers of the heart
c) are located superiorly and are the discharging chambers of the heart d) located inferiorly and are the discharging chambers of the heart

18. Practice Question
Which of the following areas receives blood directly from the four pulmonary veins?
a) lungs
b) R atrium
c) R ventricle
d) L atrium
e) L ventricle

19. Practice Question
Which of the following blood vessels is NOT part of systemic circulation: a) coronary arteries
b) aorta
c) inferior vena cava
d) carotid arteries
e) pulmonary arteries

20. Practice Question
T or F: the heart is enclosed by a double sac of serous membrane known as the peritoneum.

21. Practice Question
T or F: the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

22. Practice Question
T or F: the aorta is that largest artery within the pulmonary circulation.

23. Gap-Fill Exercise
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the _____________. Its apex rests on the ___________, and its base is at the level of the second rib. The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the_______________. The coronary sinus empties into the ______________. Relative to the role of the heart chambers, the ____________ are receiving chambers, whereas the ___________ are discharging chambers. The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ____________. The outermost layer of the heart is called the ____________. The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ___________ during heart activity. The heart muscle, or ____________, is composed of specialized type of muscle called cardiac muscle.