Binding Up the Nation’s Wounds Bennett Chapter 11 Binding Up the Nation’s Wounds

Election of 1866 Congressional gains made the Republican majority veto proof Congress could do whatever they wanted Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment Military Reconstruction Act Impeachment 15th Amendment

Impeachment of Johnson Congress passed the Command of the Army Act & the Tenure of Office Act Army orders go through Grant’s office Senate approved appointments required Senate approval for dismissals (Sec of War Stanton) Passed to limit Johnson’s influence over the army

Johnson fires Stanton House impeaches Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act Senate acquitted Johnson by one vote

Republican Rule 1870 All had rejoined the Union under Congressional Reconstruction Carpetbaggers – Northerners who came south as part of reconstruction Scalawags – Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported reconstruction Usually former Whigs or small farmers

Political Opportunities African Americans engaged in politics holding many different offices at all levels of government & serving as delegates to state conventions 14 U.S. Congressmen Hiram Revels & Blanche Bruce – U.S. Senators

Southern Retaliation Secret societies formed to combat Republican reconstruction– Ku Klux Klan Federal government passed 3 Enforcement Acts 1- Fed crime to interfere in voting 2- Fed elections under jurisdiction of federal marshals 3- KKK Act – outlawed Klan activities (arrests made/few convictions/even less jail time)

End of Reconstruction Election of 1876 Hayes v. Tilden Both short on electoral votes (165-184) 20 disputed votes from the South Commission awards them to Hayes S. Democrats approve findings Referred to as “Compromise of 1877” S. Dem help Hayes become President Hayes withdraws Federal troops

A “New South” Focus on industry & Revitalization of agriculture Hired labor – paid to work Tenant farmers – rented land Sharecroppers – used the land for a share of their crops & received seed/supplies on credit from merchants Crop liens – take crops to cover debt Debt peonage – trapped/never enough to pay debt

Currency Inflation Debtors, ranchers, and farmers were in favor of inflated currency Banks were against it. Why?

The Little Big Horn 1876 prospectors began moving into the Lakota Sioux land because of the discovery of gold in the Black Hills The Lakota left the reservation for the hunting fields of Montana Lt. Colonel Geo. Armstrong Custer was sent to force the Sioux back onto the reservation Custer faced a combined force of Sioux & Cheyenne on June 25, 1876

The Little Big Horn Custer and 210 soldiers were killed Only one survived the attack Sitting Bull fled to Canada Those who left behind were forced back to the reservation and they lost the Black Hills

7th Cavalry Survivor Comanche

Curly Custer’s Crow scout who survived the battle He is the only man known to have escaped after the fighting began. He covered himself with a Blanket in order to get away.

Boss Tweed Tammany Hall Democrat political machine in New York City

Black Colleges Fisk Tuskegee Atlanta Howard

Thomas Nast Elephants and Donkeys