Lydia Ruiz and Brianna Prashad

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Presentation transcript:

Lydia Ruiz and Brianna Prashad Cloning of Mammals Lydia Ruiz and Brianna Prashad

What is Cloning? Cloning – the process of making exact, genetic copies of an original, biological unit (DNA sequence, cell, or organism

Steps of Animal Cloning Removal of mature somatic cell from donor Cell’s donor DNA is added to an egg cell without its DNA (nucleus) Egg cell can receive somatic cell’s DNA or fuse together with the somatic donor cell to make an embryo Embryo implanted to womb of surrogate mother Baby is genetically identical to mammary cell donor (clone)

Cloning Process for Mammals

History of Cloning James Watson and Francis Crick Hans Spemann double helix structure of DNA (1958) Research of molecular heredity Increase of studies in biotechnology Hans Spemann Somatic cell nuclear transfer in salamanders (1928) Robert Briggs and Thomas King First successful nuclear transfer in tadpoles (1952)

History of Cloning cont. J. Derek Bromhall First mammalian embryo (rabbit) from nuclear transfer (1975) Steen Willadsen First mammal (sheep) from nuclear transfer (1984) Roslin Institute Birth of Dolly (first mammal created from somatic cell nuclear transfer

Current Uses Cloning animal models for disease Cloning to make stem cells Reproducing decease animals/pets Cloning livestock Cloning endangered species Drug production

Bioethics, Laws, and Society Cloning can cause: Pain Distress Severe cases (sometimes to death) Clones can suffer from: Tumors Abnormal growth patterns Cloning can result in: High errors (multiple trials) Ex: Dolly (277 attempts) Human cloning laws

Pros and Cons of Cloning Medical benefits Drug Production Biodiversity Biomedical research Treatment from human disease “Against nature” Possible defects Possible death Errors

Case Study UK owners clone dead dog Two cloned puppies by Sooam Biotech Research Foundation (South Korea) Sent their dog Dylan’s cells to be cloned 1st time that institute took dead dog cells and created two successful embryos from deceased animal Process Implanted dead dog DNA into dog egg without nucleus Egg given electric shock to trigger cell division Egg implanted into surrogate mother who gives birth

Bibliography http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cloning http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/ http://www.slideshare.net/caecayey/biotecnologa-27337167 http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/ http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/dolly96/dolly_module.html http://sintichscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/4/7/22479874/1_ch20_dna_technology.pdf

Bibliography https://www.genome.gov/25020028 http://www.livescience.com/32295-how-does-cloning-work.html http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/ http://www.manataka.org/page1033.html http://www.bioethics.org.au/Resources/Resource%20Topics/Cloning.html https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/23/uk-couple-await-birth-of-two-clones-of-dead-dog