CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4 COLD WAR AT HOME

COLD WAR FEARS Created CIA—Central Intelligence Agency Gather strategic military and political information overseas

ANOTHER RED SCARE Truman accused of allowing communists in government Establishes Loyalty Review Board in 1947 1951 more than 20,000 federal workers interviewed 2,000 resigned 300 fired as “security risks”

RED SCARE CONTINUED House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Established in 1938 to investigate fascists HUAC responded to charges that Hollywood was full of communists and sympathizers Hollywood Ten– went to jail rather than answer questions– they were blacklisted FBI investigated any group against HUAC

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Convicted of providing Soviets with atomic energy secrets during WWII Both executed in June 1953

SEARCH FOR SPIES Internal Security Act passed in 1950 Required Communist Party members to register with federal government Placed strict controls on immigration

“McCARTHYISM” As Korean War intensified, fear of communists intensified Joseph McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin Fueled suspicions that spies and sympathizers were everywhere

RISE OF McCARTHY 1950 Claimed he had list of known communists working at State Department Never produced list!! Waged war against alleged sympathizers in federal government

NUCLEAR ANXIETY Cold War anxieties forced the U.S. and USSR to develop more powerful weapons 1950 U.S. began working on hydrogen bomb (H- Bomb) 1000 times more powerful than Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tested H-Bomb on a small pacific Island in 1952 – destroyed it 9 months later Soviets tested their own H-Bomb

Hiroshima, 15 kt

Nagasaki, 20 kt

Cuban Missile Crisis, 2.42 Mt

“Ivy Mike” 10.4 Mt

“Ivy Mike”

“Tsar Bomba” 50 Mt

RELIGION AND NUCLEAR WAR Many Americans turned to religion to calm their fears of war Congress adds phrase “One Nation, Under God” to Pledge of Allegiance and “In God We Trust” to U.S. Coins

CALMING PUBLIC FEARS 1951 Federal Civil Defense Administration formed Began educating public on what to do in case of nuclear attack Conducted “Duck and Cover Drills” in schools

NUCLEAR FALLOUT Radioactive fallout By-product of nuclear explosions Crew of Japanese fishing boat 85 miles away developed radiation sickness

FALLOUT SHELTERS Some Americans began digging fallout shelters Companies sold concrete and steel igloos for $1500

CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS 1957 Hearings on dangers of fallout Defense officials claimed testing was safe Radiation released presented danger to environment and increased risk of cancer in humans

SPACE PROGRAMS Sputnik Sputnik II Explorer I Soviet satellite weighing 200 pounds launched into orbit in October 1957 Sputnik II Launched in November Had a dog aboard (Laika) Lasted 200 days Explorer I January 1958– U.S. satellite

U.S. RESPONSE TO SPUTNIK Eisenhower creates NASA “National Aeronautic and Space Administration” in 1958 1958 Congress passes National Defense Education Act Provided millions to improve science, mathematics and foreign language education

LAIKA YURI GAGARIN JOHN GLENN

Lunar Landing July 20, 1969 – Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong “One small step for man…one giant leap for mankind.”