Endoplasmic Reticulum Complete the following table: Organelle Plant/Animal/Both Function Cell membrane   Cell wall Cytoplasm Vacuole Ribosome Golgi body Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoskeleton Chloroplast Mitochondria Nucleus Vesicles

Complete the following table: Organelle Plant/Animal/Both Function Cell membrane  Both   *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis  Cell wall  Plant *support (grow tall) *protection *allows H2O, O2, CO2 to pass into and out of cell Cytoplasm  *supports /protects cell organelles  Vacuole Both:   Animal cells have one or more small vacuoles whereas plant cells have one large central vacuole that can take up to 90% of cell volume. In plant cells, the function of vacuoles is to store water and maintain turgidity of the cell. Vacuoles in animal cells store water, ions and waste.  Ribosome *produces proteins  Golgi body Both  A major function is the modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.  Endoplasmic Reticulum *carries materials through cell  Cytoskeleton  The cytoskeleton provides an important structural framework for: Cell shape. Chloroplast Plant Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.  Mitochondria  Both  Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration.  Nucleus The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell. It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.  Vesicles  Both, but rare in plants A vesicle is a small membrane-bound sack that stores and transports substances throughout the cell.

1.2 Genes: Answers and Questions Learning Objectives: DNA, Protein production, ethical issues and drug research Keywords: Chromosome DNA Gene DNA Screening Transgenic Organism Cloning Mutation Mutagen

1.2 Genes: Answers and Questions (Page 16) Chromosome – a thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus of a cell DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – material found in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information Gene – a segment of DNA that controls protein production Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

The Nucleus: Control Centre of the Cell The chromosomes carry the instructions that tells a cell what to become, how to function and how long it will live before it’s replaced. Every plant and animal species have a set number of chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes – 23 from mother’s egg and 23 from father’s sperm.

Genes Direct Protein Production (Page 17) Chromosomes made of DNA. Inside chromosomes, we have genes. The genes tell the cell what to do, how to specialize. Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

The DNA Code (Pages 17-18) In 1953 scientists James Watson and Francis Crick created this model of DNA (the twisted ladder design is sometimes called a “double helix”). Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

DNA Screening (Pages 19-20) A karyotype is a micrograph of the chromosomes in a person’s cells. Individual chromosomes from the karyotype can be mapped and then be examined for any irregularities. Karyotype Chromosome/Gene Map http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/karyotype.shtml http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

TASK 1 In groups of four, research about the genetic disorder in detail. Make sure you cover the following: What causes it? How can we detect it? Is there a cure? If so, what is it? Down Syndrome Turner Syndrome Cystic Fibrosis PKU Huntington Disease 15 minutes End

Common Genetic Disorders Down Syndrome – caused by the presence of all or part of a 21st chromosome Turner Syndrome – caused by one or many parts of the X chromosome remaining absent during cell formation. Specific only to females. Cystic Fibrosis – Number one most common fatally genetic disease. Caused by a single gene failing to produce a protein involved in chloride balance in the body. Leads to scarring of the pancreas which results in decreased enzyme production, which further leads to malnutrition. Lung function is also impaired.

Issues Related to DNA Screening ( Pages 19-20 ) DNA testing can reveal genetic disorders (such as Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington Disease) and can help determine how susceptible a person might be to ailments such as cancers and heart disease. The controversy related to genetic testing revolves around a variety of social issues. -discrimination with family and jobs, etc -people might not want to have kids if they know (family) - sensitive Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://genomics.energy.gov Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Altering Genes / Transgenic Organisms (Pages 22-23) Transgenic Organism – an organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species. These organisms are considered to be genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Possible Uses For GMOs Production of non-allergenic human proteins Development of pest resistant crops Increased growth of crops and livestock Concerns Spread of disease from GMOs Negative effects on ecosystems Allergic reactions from eating GMOs Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Cloning (Pages 24-25) Cloning – the process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism Pros and Cons of Cloning Pro: Copies are made of “superior” animals. (increased milk & meat production) Con: Clones may be less disease resistant Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Mutations Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism ( Pages 26-27 ) Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism Mutagen – a substance or factor that can cause a mutation in DNA. Examples: radiation (X-Rays, UV radiation), mercury, cigarette tar Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Concepts to be reviewed: Section 1.2 Review ( Page 28 ) Concepts to be reviewed: genetic material in the nucleus: DNA, chromosomes, and genes the structure of DNA DNA screening and related issues issues related to altering genes transgenic organisms cloning mutations Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

1. Which statement is true about chromosomes? Choose one answer. a. All chromosomes are made of a material called deoxyribonucleic acid. b. Chromosomes are found outside the cell nucleus. c. Each chromosome consists of several molecules of DNA. d. Chromosomes are found as single strands in every animal and plant cell. a

a. guanine, adenine, cytosol, thymine 2. What are the four types of molecules that act as the building-block molecules for a strand of DNA? Choose one answer. a. guanine, adenine, cytosol, thymine b. protein, adenine, guanine, thymine c. protein, adenine, cytosol, thymine d. adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine d

3. What is a mutagen? Choose one answer. a. A mutagen is a change in the usual order of the building blocks in a gene. b. A mutagen is a factor that causes a change in DNA. c. A mutagen is an organism whose genetic information has been changed by inserting genes from another species. d. A mutagen is a segment of DNA that controls and changes the type of protein production. b