NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION BRAIN www.sblifescience.in
BRAIN Central information processing organ of our body. Acts as the ‘command and control system’. www.sblifescience.in
FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN Controls Voluntary movements Balance of the body Functioning of vital involuntary organs (e.g., lungs, heart, kidneys, etc.) Thermoregulation Hunger and thirst www.sblifescience.in
FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN Controls circadian (24-hour) rhythms of our body, Activities of several endocrine glands and human behaviour. It is the site for processing of vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts. www.sblifescience.in
BRAIN The human brain is well protected by the skull. www.sblifescience.in
CRANIAL MENINGES Inside the skull, the brain is covered by cranial meninges. www.sblifescience.in
CRANIAL MENINGES Cranial meninges consisting three layers Dura mater (outer layer) Arachnoid membrane (very thin middle layer) Pia mater (inner layer) (which is in contact with the brain tissue) www.sblifescience.in
CRANIAL MENINGES www.sblifescience.in
BRAIN The brain can be divided into three major parts: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain www.sblifescience.in
BRAIN www.sblifescience.in
FOREBRAIN The forebrain consists of Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus www.sblifescience.in
CEREBRUM Cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain www.sblifescience.in
CEREBRUM A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two halves, which are termed as the left and right cerebral hemispheres. www.sblifescience.in
CORPUS CALLOSUM The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called corpus callosum. www.sblifescience.in
CEREBRAL CORTEX The layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere is called cerebral cortex and is thrown into prominent folds. www.sblifescience.in
GREY MATTER The cerebral cortex is referred to as the grey matter due to its greyish appearance. (The neuron cell bodies are concentrated here giving the colour) www.sblifescience.in
CEREBRAL CORTEX The cerebral cortex contains Motor areas (Motor function) Sensory areas (Sensory function) Association areas (Responsible for complex functions like inter sensory associations, memory and communication) www.sblifescience.in
WHITE MATTER Fibres of the tracts are covered with the myelin sheath, which constitute the inner part of cerebral hemisphere. They give an opaque white appearance to the layer and, hence, is called the white matter. www.sblifescience.in
WHITE MATTER www.sblifescience.in
THALAMUS Thalamus is a major coordinating centre for sensory and motor signaling. www.sblifescience.in
HYPOTHALAMUS Lies at the base of the thalamus. The hypothalamus contains a number of centres which control body temperature, urge for eating and drinking. It also contains several groups of neurosecretory cells, which secrete hormones called hypothalamic hormones. www.sblifescience.in
LIMBIC SYSTEM The inner parts of cerebral hemispheres and a group of associated deep structures like amygdala, hippocampus, etc., form a complex structure called the limbic lobe or limbic system www.sblifescience.in
LIMBIC SYSTEM www.sblifescience.in
LIMBIC SYSTEM Along with the hypothalamus, lymbic system is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional reactions (e.g., excitement, pleasure, rage and fear), and motivation. www.sblifescience.in
MIDBRAIN The midbrain is located between the thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and pons of the hindbrain. www.sblifescience.in
MIDBRAIN A canal called the cerebral aqueduct passess through the midbrain. www.sblifescience.in
MIDBRAIN The dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four round swellings (lobes) called corpora quadrigemina. www.sblifescience.in
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA www.sblifescience.in
BRAIN STEM Midbrain and hindbrain form the brain stem. www.sblifescience.in
HINDBRAIN The hindbrain comprises Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata. www.sblifescience.in
PONS Pons consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain. www.sblifescience.in
CEREBELLUM Area of the hindbrain that controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone. www.sblifescience.in
MEDULLA The medulla contains centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions. www.sblifescience.in