What conditions do you think justify an invasion of another country? Warm-Up Egypt was both an invader of other countries and invaded by other countries. What conditions do you think justify an invasion of another country?

Chap. 4 Sect. 1 Egyptian and Nubian Empires Goals: Identify the Hyksos’ main advantage over Egypt. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the New Kingdom. Describe the Kushite conquest of Egypt. 4. Summarize the achievements of Meroe.

Hyksos Invasion The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2080 -1640 B.C.) declined due to weak pharaohs Hyksos - Nomadic invaders from Asia swept in and ruled Egypt c.1640-1570 B.C. The Hyksos had chariots, something unknown to the Egyptians C. 1600 B.C. Egyptian pharaohs began to fight back Queen Ahhotep and Kamose were the main victors over the Hyksos Egypt learned from the Hyksos and developed their own chariots, bronze weapons, and archers

New Kingdom New Kingdom – Time of prosperity and power for Egypt c.1570-1075 B.C. Hatshepsut- declared herself pharaoh c. 1472 B.C. her stepson was the heir, but too young She encouraged trade, and sponsored several trading expeditions increasing Egypt’s wealth Thutmose III – Hatshepsut’s stepson, He was a warrior king, extending the empire through successful invasions into Palestine, Syria and Nubia

New Kingdom Architecture Pharaoh = “Great House” comes from this era The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom had elaborate tombs underground in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes Grand palaces and temples as well Ramses II (1290- 1224 B.C.) in particular was very prolific – temples at Karnak and Abu Simbel

New Kingdom Declines After Ramses death, the Eastern Mediterranean area was awash in invaders from land and sea Philistines, Palestinians, and Libyans all began to cross the desert barriers and invade Egypt Egypt was broken up into several small kingdoms and regions Libyans established power c. 950 – 750 B.C. but adopted many of the Egyptian ways

Kushites (Nubians) Kush - a kingdom in Nubia, south of Upper Egypt During Egypt’s New Kingdom, Kush and Nubia were often dominated by the Egyptians Nubia was on the Nile, and though rough waters -still served as a main trade corridor, Nubia was a gateway to the interior of Africa for trade During the New Kingdom, Egyptian culture had a strong influence on the Kushites, Kushite nobles went to Egypt to learn and brought back hieroglyphics, the Egyptian religion and culture.

Kushites and the Libyans The Kushites thought they were better than the Libyans for carrying on the Egyptian culture Piankhi - a Kushite king overthrew the Libyans in 751 B.C. He reunited the Upper and Lower regions of Egypt and with the Nubian lands = large empire His dynasty lasted 100 years before being overthrown by the Assyrians

Golden Age of Meroe After the Assyrians claimed Egypt, the Kushites moved south to Meroe on a Nile tributary closer to the Red Sea Meroe area had greater deposits of iron and increased rainfall, the rain kept their crops abundant They became a major center for iron weapons and tools which they used to exchange with many other cultures Meroe thrived c. 250 B.C. – 150 A.D. , but c. 150 A.D. competition from Aksum a port on the Red Sea began to wear down Meroe and they were defeated by Aksum c. 350 A.D. The Kushite kingdom – kaput.

Goals: Identify the Hyksos’ main advantage over Egypt. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the New Kingdom. Describe the Kushite conquest of Egypt. 4. Summarize the achievements of Meroe.