Deuterostomea Cephalochordata Echinodermata Hemichordata (acorn worms) Animals - Ch 29, 30 & 31 p. 670-675. Chordata Vertebrata Cephalochordata (lancelets) Urochordata (tunicates) Hemichordata (acorn worms) Echinodermata sea urchins) (sea stars, Cranium, vertebral column Deuterostome ancestor Notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail

Phylum ECHINODERMATA class ASTEROIDEA – sea stars or “starfish” class – OPHIUROIDEA – brittle stars class – ECHINOIDEA – sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits class HOLOTHUROIDEA – sea cucumbers class CRINOIDEA – sea lillies

Deuterostomea – Phylum - Echininodermata Animals - Ch 29, 30 & 31 p. 672-673. Deuterostomea – Phylum - Echininodermata Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea

Echinoderms – Hydraulic/water vascular system – locomotion, feeding Animals - Ch 29, 30 & 31 p. 674. Stomach Digestive gland Ampulla Gonad Anus Tube feet Spine Dermal gill Pedicellariae 5 mm Echinoderms – Hydraulic/water vascular system – locomotion, feeding and gas exchange

Deuterostomea – Phylum – Chordata Animals - Ch 29, 30 & 31 pp. 676-678. Deuterostomea – Phylum – Chordata Lancelet - Amphioxus sp. Mouth Brain Dorsal, tubular nerve cord Notochord Postanal tail Muscular segments Anus Intestine Pharyngeal (gill) slits Heart Pharynx Endostyle – Mucus secreting pharyngeal groove (thyroid is a derivative) – Sixth chordate character

CHORDATA CLASSIFICATION subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA – lancelets subphylum UROCHORDATA – tunicates and sea squirts subphylum VERTEBRATA - vertebrates

Subphylum VERTEBRATA vertebral column cranium living endoskeleton replaces the notochord in embryonic development as the primary skeletal support structure – consists of segmented cartilaginous or bony elements called vertebrae cranium cartilaginous or bony structure encloses the brain living endoskeleton pharyngeal slits become gill slits

Subphylum VERTEBRATA superclass PISCES including jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, bony fish superclass TETRAPODA – terrestrial vertebrates – 4 traditional classes class AMPHIBIA – amphibians the AMNIOTES – a monophyletic grouping Class REPTILIA Class AVES Class MAMMALIA

Animals - Ch 29, 30 & 31 p. 679.

A jawless fish – the lamprey an ectoparasite on other fish note the gill slits gill slits

cartilaginous fish skeletion made of cartilage note the visible gill slits manta ray shark torpedo ray stingray

bony fishes – 3 classes -note the gill slits are hidden inside the orperculum, the gill opening -they possess an ossified (bony) skeleton a lungfish the coelocanth – a lobe-finned fish, the group that includes the ancestor of the tetrapods perch – a ray-finned fish

All terrestrial vertebrates belong to the monophyletic grouping, the “tetrapoda” – fins are replaced by four limbs for walking class AMPHIBIA first tetrapods classified as amphibians not completely terrestrial eggs and tadpoles are aquatic gills replaced by lungs in adults frog eggs - aquatic a salamander – almost completely terrestrial amphiuma – completely aquatic frogs –aquatic as tadpoles, amphibious as adults

AMNIOTES – reptiles, birds, mammals – terrestrial vertebrates with extra membranes around the embryo – the amnion, chorion, shell membrane, and shell – allows eggs to be laid on land

Class REPTILIA is polyphyletic

Class AVES is paraphyletic Archaeoteryx – classified as a bird but has many dinosaur features These reconstructions from fossils are classified as dinosaurs but have many bird features broad-winged hawk black-and-white warbler

Class - Mammalia Hair Mammary glands Differentiated teeth Animals - Ch 29, 30 & 31 pp. 696-698. Class - Mammalia Hair Mammary glands Differentiated teeth Three middle-ear bones Constant body temperature Highly-developed nervous system Muscular diaphragm Three subclasses – Holo/Pro-, Meta- and Eutheria

Class MAMMALIA is monophyletic this fossil synapsid has a mix of reptile and mammal features killer whale cheetahs wooly mammoth Homo erectus