흉관 관리 및 배액법

Role of chest tube Removal of fluid or air from pleural space restoration of the negative pressure full expansion of the lung effective gas exchange Instillation of chemotherapeutic agent after removal of malignant effusion

Indications of chest tube insertion post-thoracotomy status hemothorax pneumothorax empyema chylothorax emphysema disease prophylactic: ARDS, high PEEP others

Placement of chest tube Post-thoracotomy status usually two site insertion(28Fr, 32Fr) Pneumothorax usually 4th ICS on anterior axillary line 흉강경 수술이 예상될 경우 7th ICS on mid- axillary line Pleural fluid usually 5th, 6th ICS on mid axillary line (가능한 dependent position에 위치) Loculation이 된 경우라면 위치가 달라질 수도 있으며 . 방사선과에서 PCD (Pigtail Chest Drainage) 시행 Chest tube size Pneumothorax : 20-28Fr, Effusion : largest that can easily be drained

Post-thoracotomy status

Chest tube insertion, I

Chest tube insertion, II

Underwater seal drainage system A. one-bottle system B. two-bottle system C. three-bottle system D. balanced drainage system * Heimlich valve outpatient management

Bottle systems

Commonly used bottles

One bottle Two bottle

Suction To overcome the air leak To expand the lung early only in air leak Optimal pressure -10 ~ -20 cm H2O Higher levels of suction should be avoided lung damage, pulmonary edema avoid vigorous milking or squeezing

Observation of drainage system Fluctuations according to respiratory pattern absent - full expansion - blocked tubing Fluids: volume, color, consistency Hemothorax > 200-300ml/hr Air leak Tube clamping should be avoided Bottle position: 70-90cm below the thorax

Position & Drain

Check point during Chest tube management, I Clot in chest tube inside patient clot in the tube dependent loop in patient tube with fluid kink in patient tube partial dislodgment of catheter partial disconnection between tube and catheter

Chest tubes

Check point during Chest tube management, I Clot in chest tube inside patient clot in the tube dependent loop in patient tube with fluid kink in patient tube partial dislodgment of catheter partial disconnection between tube and catheter

Check point during Chest tube management, I Clot in chest tube inside patient clot in the tube dependent loop in patient tube with fluid kink in patient tube partial dislodgment of catheter partial disconnection between tube and catheter

Check point during Chest tube management, II Overfilled water seal in line connectors not properly secured patient tube clamp in situ chest drain in not upright insufficient suction suction is too vigorous too high chest drain position

Check point during Chest tube management, II Overfilled water seal in line connectors not properly secured patient tube clamp in situ chest drain in not upright too high chest drain position insufficient suction suction is too vigorous

Check point during Chest tube management, II Overfilled water seal in line connectors not properly secured patient tube clamp in situ chest drain in not upright too high chest drain position insufficient suction suction is too vigorous

Chest tube occlusion Etiology prevention blood clots or viscous pleural effusion kinking of chest tube prevention strip chest tube hourly insert sufficient large tube insert additional tube to help evacuate blood, if needed eliminate kinking by proper positioning and exit location of the tube - never place tube posterior to midaxillary line

Pneumothrax kit Trocar Semirigid catheter Heimlich valve

Urgent transfusion

Removal of chest tube Indication Clamp the tube for 12-24hrs air and fluid are no longer present in the pleural space full re-expansion of the lung Clamp the tube for 12-24hrs “Inflate and hold ” technique Occlusive dressing Be confirmed by chest X-ray

Reminder again Water seal Keep the bottle below the patient Transporting injured patient with Chest bottle; do not clamp the tube Right connection between bottle and chest tube Periodic check kinking of the tube Avoid back pressure to chest tube drainage

Comment Very useful and effective measure to evacuate intrathoracic air and/or fluid Should be carefully observed because the chest tube and bottle system is not always safe