Stomach Anatomy Openings Regions Gastroesophageal: To esophagus Pyloric: To duodenum Regions Cardiac Fundus Body Pyloric

Stomach Histology: Layers Serosa or visceral peritoneum: Outermost Muscularis: Three layers Outer longitudinal Middle circular Inner oblique Submucosa Mucosa

Stomach Histology Rugae: Folds in stomach when empty Gastric pits: Openings for gastric glands Contain cells

Small Intestine anatomy and Histology Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption Divisions Duodenum Jejunum Ileum: Peyer’s patches or lymph nodules Modifications Circular folds or plicae circulares, villi, microvilli Cells of mucosa Absorptive, goblet, granular, endocrine

Small Intestine Secretions Mucus Protects against digestive enzymes and stomach acids Digestive enzymes Disaccharidases: Break down disaccharides to monosaccharides Peptidases: Hydrolyze peptide bonds Nucleases: Break down nucleic acids Duodenal glands Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin secretin increases water and bicarbonate secretion from duodenal (Brunner's) glands

Duodenum

Liver Lobes Major: Left and right Minor: Caudate and quadrate

(1) inferior phrenic arteries (scarecrow's eyes) (2) celiac trunk (nose) - gives rise to the hepatic and splenic arteries (right and left sides of moustache) and left gastric artery (nose bent to left) (3) superior mesenteric artery (mouth) (4) renal arteries (scarecrow's arms) (5) ovarian (or testicular) arteries (scarecrow's breasts) (6) inferior mesenteric artery (scarecrow's umbilicus) (7) common iliac arteries (scarecrow's legs) (8) 4 paired lumbar arteries (scarecrow has a hairy trunk).

Blood and Bile Flow

the superior part (first part) extends from the pyloric orifice of the stomach to the neck of the gallbladder, is just to the right of the body of vertebra LI, and passes anteriorly to the bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, portal vein, and inferior vena cava-clinically, the beginning of this part of the duodenum is referred to as the ampulla or duodenal cap, and most duodenal ulcers occur in this part of the duodenum; the descending part (second part) of the duodenum is just to the right of midline and extends from the neck of the gallbladder to the lower border of vertebra LIII-its anterior surface is crossed by the transverse colon, posterior to it is the right kidney, and medial to it is the head of the pancreas-this part of the duodenum contains the major duodenal papilla, which is the common entrance for the bile and pancreatic ducts, and the minor duodenal papilla, which is the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct, and the junction of the foregut and the midgut just below the major duodenal papilla; the inferior part (third part) of the duodenum is the longest section, crossing the inferior vena cava, the aorta, and the vertebral column (Figs. 4.61B and 4.62)-it is crossed anteriorly by the superior mesenteric artery and vein; the ascending part (fourth part) of the duodenum passes upward on, or to the left of, the aorta to approximately the upper border of vertebra LII and terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure

Pancreas

Small Intestine anatomy

Large Intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Anal canal Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached Colon Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid Rectum Straight muscular tube Anal canal Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation

The surface projection of the base of the appendix is at the junction of the lateral and middle one-thirds of a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (McBurney's point). People with appendicular problems may describe pain near this location

(1) inferior phrenic arteries (scarecrow's eyes) (2) celiac trunk (nose) - gives rise to the hepatic and splenic arteries (right and left sides of moustache) and left gastric artery (nose bent to left) (3) superior mesenteric artery (mouth) (4) renal arteries (scarecrow's arms) (5) ovarian (or testicular) arteries (scarecrow's breasts) (6) inferior mesenteric artery (scarecrow's umbilicus) (7) common iliac arteries (scarecrow's legs) (8) 4 paired lumbar arteries (scarecrow has a hairy trunk).