EVOLUTION VOCAB Chapter 14 & 16 Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

Differences among individuals within a species Change in a population over time; also change in the relative frequency of alleles in a gene pool evolution Differences among individuals within a species Natural variation

Homologous structures Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms Homologous structures Organ with little or no function that was functional in an ancestor species Vestigial organ

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve The selection and breeding by humans of animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population Artificial selection Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Convergent evolution

Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment fitness Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances for survival adaptation

Preserved remains of an ancient organism fossil Islands that Darwin visited on his voyage on the Beagle that started him thinking about how organisms change over time Galapagos

Descent with Modifications Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time Descent with Modifications Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Survival of the Fittest

Traits controlled by two or more genes Polygenic trait Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments Adaptive radiation OR Divergent evolution

Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism Trait controlled by a single gene Single gene trait Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism and provided evidence for his Theory of Evolution “The Origin of Species”

Natural selection is also known as ______________ The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor Common descent Natural selection is also known as ______________ Survival of the fittest

Alfred Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to publish his ideas about evolution by writing an essay that described similar ideas. Alfred Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

James Hutton & Charles Lyell 2 geologists who recognized that Earth is many millions of years old and that processes that changed it still operate today James Hutton & Charles Lyell English economist who reasoned that if the human population kept growing unchecked, there would be insufficient food and space for everyone Thomas Malthus

A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals mutation Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability Genetic drift

All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population Gene pool A situation in which the allele frequencies in a population do NOT change and the population does NOT EVOLVE Genetic equilibrium

Stabilizing selection The effect of natural selection when individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes Stabilizing selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Directional selection The effect of natural selection when individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end Directional selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

The effect of natural selection when individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve Disruptive selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population Trait controlled by two or more genes polygenic A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific problem evolution hypothesis

A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place Founder effect Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A trait controlled by a single gene with two alleles Single gene trait The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur Relative frequency

A well supported, testable explanation of observed natural phenomena THEORY Another name for competition for resources Struggle for existence

Another name for adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Another name for natural selection Struggle for existence

James Hutton & Charles Lyell NAME THE SCIENTISTS WHO . . . They proposed that the Earth has changed over millions of years and the processes that caused the change are still happening James Hutton & Charles Lyell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hutton http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Lyell.html

Godfrey Hardy and WilhelmWeinberg http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm NAME THE SCIENTISTS WHO . . . English mathematician and German physician who proposed the principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change and developed an equation to predict the frequency of alleles in a population Godfrey Hardy and WilhelmWeinberg

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck NAME THE SCIENTIST WHO . . . French naturalist who proposed the idea that characteristics could be acquired or lost by their “use or disuse” during an organism’s lifetime and that these traits could be passed on to offspring. English economist who reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient food and living space. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Thomas Malthus http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm

Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to NAME THE SCIENTIST WHO . . . Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to publish his ideas about evolution by writing an essay that described similar ideas. Alfred Wallace http://www.strangescience.net/wallace.htm Proposed the idea that populations change over time as a result of competition for available resources in which individuals with the characteristics best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Charles Darwin http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/darwin.html

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