1. Evolution
Chapter 15

2. The Theory of Evolution
Biological diversity
Change over time
Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

3. Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
Believed that the Earth and all its forms of life had been created only a few thousand years ago
Since the original creation, neither the planet nor its living species had changed
Rocks and major geological features were thought to have been produced suddenly by catastrophic events that humans rarely witnessed

4. History of Evolution Hutton: Lyell: Layers of rock from very slowly
Earth had to be much more than a few thousand years old.
Lyell:
Principles of Geology
Geologic features could be built up or torn down

5. Lamarck:
first scientists to recognize that living things have changed over time.
All species were descended from other species
3 parts to theory:
Tendency towards perfection
Use and disuse
Inheritance of acquired traits

6. Malthus:
If the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food

7. Charles Darwin Hypothesis of evolution 1809 H.M.S Beagle
Collected fossils and made observations
Galapagos Islands
Origin of Species

9. Artificial Selection
Nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variation that they found useful
Selective breeding; inheritable variation

11. Evolution by natural selection
Struggle for existence: members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, etc.
Higher birth rates and shortage of basic needs

12. Survival of the Fittest
the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
Fitness: ability to survive and reproduce in environment
Adaptation: inherited characteristic that increases chance of survival
Natural Selection

13. Descent with Modification
Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
Living organisms are related to one another
Common descent: all species were derived from common ancestors

15. Evidence of Evolution
Fossil records: by comparing fossils from older rock layers with fossils from younger layers

16. Geographic Distribution: similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of evolutionary descent

17. Homologous Structures: four-limbed vertebrates have descended from common ancestors.

18. Similarities in Embryology: early stages of many animals with backbones are very similar