Research Methods 3. Experimental Research.

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Presentation transcript:

Research Methods 3. Experimental Research

Experimental research Experiment: Manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed. Detection of cause-and-effect relationships How does X affect Y? X = Independent Variable Y = Dependent Variable Independent variable (IV): variable that is manipulated Dependent variable (DV): variable that is measured

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Population: entire group Sample: subset of the population Random Sampling or Random Selection: Each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected. Unbiased; objective Sampling bias: Occurs when a sample is NOT representative of the population. If the sample is biased, the results are NOT valid

Experimental research Experimental Group: receives special treatment (IV) Control Group: does not receive special treatment (IV) Manipulate IV for one group only Resulting differences in the two groups must be due to the IV Random Assignment: assignment of participants to groups by chance Reduces extraneous variables Reduces bias

Experimental research Extraneous Variable: Any variables other than the independent variable that may influence the dependent variable in a study. 1. Situational 2. Participant 3. Experimental Confounding of Variables: When the effects of an extraneous variable are difficult to separate from the effects of the independent variable. Influences the dependent variable

Experimental research Experimenter Bias: experimenter’s expectation influence outcome Participant Bias: participant's expectation influence outcome Placebo Effect: Occurs when a participant’s expectations produce change even though they receive a “fake” treatment. Hawthorne Effect: The tendency of individuals to perform better simply because of being singled out and made to feel important.

Experimental research Double-blind: BOTH the participants and the experimenters remain unaware of which participants are in the experimental group and control group. This eliminates both participant bias and experimenter bias Used for drug trials OBJECTIVE 13| Explain why random assignment and double-blind procedure build confidence in research findings. Psychology 7e in Modules

Experimental research EXPERIMENTAL VARIATIONS Expose a single group to two different conditions -Reduces extraneous variables Manipulate more than one independent variable - Allows study of interactions between variables Measure more than one dependent variable - Obtains a more complete picture of effect of the independent variable

Experimental research Description: Manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that the resulting changes in another variable can be observed. Advantages Disadvantages Shows cause and effect relationship!!! Manipulation of variables Precise Control Generalizability Artificial situations Costly Ethical issues