SSWH12 The student will examine the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. a. Describe the geographical extent of the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar.

Three Empires Ottoman Empire – ruled in modern-day Turkey, Palestine, North Africa, and parts of Saudi Arabia, 1299-1923 Safavid Persia – ruled in modern-day Iran from 1501-1722 Mughal Empire – ruled in modern-day India from 1526 to mid-1800s

The Three Empires

Suleyman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire Suleyman ruled the Ottoman Empire for 46 years(1520-1566) He developed a strong military and expanded the Empire to it’s greatest geographic extent

Suleiman, the Lawgiver Suleiman had to create laws to govern many different types of people – Christians, Muslims, and Jews Non-Muslims would be allowed to worship as they pleased, as long as they were loyal to him He reformed the administration of the country as well, and created laws to make it run better

Suleyman the Lawgiver The Ottoman Empire reached its peak size. Captured Tripoli on the North African coast and continued on the coastline. Controlled trade routes within Africa. In 1526, he continued into Austria and Hungary. From Istanbul, he now waged war with Central Europeans, North Africans, and Central Asians.

Suleyman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire Suleyman’s navy controlled most of the eastern and southern Mediterranean while his armies conquered much of central Europe

Decline of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman empire began a steady decline in the 1600s. During the 1880s, the Ottoman empire reformed the military and government By the end of the 1800s, the Ottoman emperor took back many of Suleiman’s reforms, and instituted absolute rule By the end of World War I, the Ottoman empire ceases to be a major power

The Safavids build an empire Members of an Islamic brotherhood named after their founder, Safi al-Din. Aligned themselves with the Shi’a branch of Islam. In 1499, Isma’il began to seize most of what is Iran. He completed this conquest and was given the Persian title, Shah, or king.

The Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas took the throne in 1587. Built a new capital at Esfahan, with designs that covered four and a half miles.

Shah Abbas I of Persia (Iran) Shah Abbas I of Persia controlled an area between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires between 1587 through 1629 Took back land taken by the Ottoman and Mughal Empires

Safavid Persia and Shah Abbas Shah Abbas made alliances against the Sunni Ottomans, sometimes with European nations The Persian language spread as the language of culture, diplomacy, and trade After Shah Abbas, Safavid Persia gradually declines until 1722

The Mughals Timur Lenk, a Turko-Mongol, conquered much of Central Asia, and his empire would become the empire of the Mughals in India Babur, a successor of Timur’s, reconquered northern India Encouraged orderly government Expanded the arts

Akbar After Babur, Akbar brought peace and order to the Mughal empire. Since most people he ruled were Hindus and not Muslims, he encouraged religious tolerance Repealed a tax on Hindus Invited religious scholars of other faiths to his court to debate religion

Mughal Empire (India) The Mughal Empire greatly increased in size under the rule of Babur and his grandson Akbar (1494-1605) expanding from a centralized area into south India and modern day Pakistan

Mughal Empire Babur inherited Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Akbar extended the empire to include much of the Deccan Plateau. Unified a land of at least 100 million people.

The Decline of the Mughals By the 1600s, Hindu rebellions and a new emerging religion, Sikhism, led to the decline of the Mughals Most Indians had held on to Hindu customs and had not converted to Islam Later Mughal rulers abandoned religious tolerance, so this made many Hindus angry

Decline of Muslim Empires These three Muslim empires declined as Europe and its countries expanded Rulers declined, and brought their countries with them Lack of innovation and change – not “dynamic”, like Europe Were all land empires – didn’t focus on sea power or trade, like Europe Superiority complex – considered themselves superior to Europe, didn’t pay much attention to European growth

b. Explain the ways in which these Muslim empires influenced religion, law, and the arts in their parts of the world.

Ottoman Empire Under Suleyman: - A set of law codes were developed -Set up a simplified system of taxation -Allowed other religions (Christian and Jewish) to form their own communities, and to freely practice their religions -Art, literature, and architecture flourished

Ottoman religion Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law. He granted freedom of worship to other religious communities, particularly Christians and Jews. They treated these communities as millets, or nations. Each millet could follow their own religious laws and practices.

Ottoman law Suleyman created a law code to handle both criminal and civil actions. He also simplified the system of taxation and reduced government bureaucracy. These changes earned him the title of “Lawgiver”.

Ottoman art Suleyman found time to study poetry, history, geography, astronomy, and math. He employed an architect named Sinan. Sinan’s “Mosque of Suleyman” is the largest mosque on the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Architecture

Safavid Persia (Iran) Under Shah Abbas: -Persian government was reformed, corruption was ended, and promotions were based on competence -Foreign artists were brought in to help design and decorate buildings -Persian carpets gained popularity in Europe

Safavid religion To convince European merchants that his empire was tolerant of other religions, Shah Abbas brought members of Christian religious orders into his the empire. As a result many Europeans moved into the empire.

Safavid law Abbas reformed the government. He punished corruption severely and promoted only officials who proved competent. He hired foreigners from neighboring countries to fill positions in the government.

Safavid art Shah Abbas brought hundreds of Chinese artisans to the new capital at Esfahan. They produced intricate metalwork, miniature paintings, calligraphy, glasswork, tile work, and pottery. Most important result was the demand for Persian carpets.

Mughal Empire Akbar: -Defended religious freedom -Allowed natives and foreigners to participate in government -Levied a fair and affordable tax -Art, literature, and architecture flourished

Mughal religion Akbar was a Muslim but he defended religious freedom. He permitted people of other faiths to practice their religion. He married two Hindus, a Christian, and a Muslim.

Mughal law Akbar governed through a bureaucracy. Natives, foreigners, Hindus and Muslims could all rise to high office. Had a tax system based on a percentage of the value of a peasants’ crops.

Art, Music, and Literature Art, music, and literature flourished under Akbar As Akbar recognized the value of education, he set up a library to preserve educational writings

Mughal art Arts flourished in the form of book illustrations. Small, highly detailed, and colorful paintings were called miniatures. Literature also flourished due to poets, like Tulsi Das. Akbar devoted himself to architecture and the style developed during his reign is called the Akbar Period.

Mughal Architecture