Opposition to Tsarism pre-WW1 COPY ME DOWN Revolutionary Ideas, Groups & Individuals

Narodniks Proletariat People’s Will Communism Marxism Class struggle Liberalism Populism Socialism Bourgeoisie

Rising discontent… …what was upsetting people so much Rising discontent… …what was upsetting people so much? …what was so difficult about life at the time? …why was it getting worse? …who wanted change? …why?

Rising discontent prior to 1914 – Internal Divisions There were people from all classes who wanted change Some, called liberals, wanted an elected parliament to pass laws to make Russia up-to-date & modern. Others wanted more drastic change to spread wealth more evenly and completely alter way in which Russia was run Social discontent re: living and working conditions Peasants Urban workers Class divisions – inequalities Political discontent Autocracy / lack of political representation Lack of reform / Tsar’s rigid adherence to autocracy Inequalities – political power All combined to create an atmosphere that fomented alternative political ideas and a desire for change – some minor, some radical COPY ME DOWN

Revolutionary Ideas pre-1914 COPY ME DOWN Revolutionary Ideas pre-1914 autocracy**, liberalism, socialism, Marxism, Communism

Socialism ANARCHISM Populism Liberalism Nihilism Leninism Marxism Communism

Anarchism COPY DOWN TITLE ONLY A left-wing political ideology supporting the removal or destruction of government through random acts of violence. COPY DOWN TITLE ONLY

Populism COPY DOWN TITLE ONLY Aimed to socialise rural society & free peasants from oppression of their masters. Based on type of agrarian socialism – centered around the peasants & the mir (Village) Advocated political change through revolution – overthrow of the tsarist regime & its replacement with a democratic republic. COPY DOWN TITLE ONLY

Revolutionary ideas Liberalism Socialism Marxism Communism FOR now COPY THESE DOWN IN YOUR BOOK UNDER THE HEADING Revolutionary ideas as we go

Liberalism COPY ME DOWN Idea that the dire need for change in Russia did not require an overthrow of the entire tsarist system. Called for reform rather than revolution. COPY ME DOWN

Socialism a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies COPY ME DOWN

Marxism

Marxism COPY ME DOWN Based on ideas and theories of Karl Marx Marx believed that the ideal type of society was a classless society - communist He believed that history was a series of struggles between different social classes – the exploited classes and the exploiters – and that, ultimately, the class struggle would end when society reached the socialist / communist stage. Class struggle is inevitable and is needed to create historical change and capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism Revolution is necessary to push society along the path to communism There would be no more classes, no need for a state, and society would be based on the principle of ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs’ and a communist society would emerge

Revolutions from a Marxist perspective

Communism Political and economic system in which major productive resources in a society – such as mines, factories & farms – are owned by the public or the state (government) and wealth is divided equally among citizens or according to need. Term refers to the ideal type of society envisioned by Karl Marx – classless society. Attempts at forming communist states were made in Russia, China and other countries in the 20th century. COPY ME DOWN

Add each of the Revolutionary ideas to your glossary HOMEWORK: Add each of the Revolutionary ideas to your glossary

Revolutionary / Opposition groups COPY ME DOWN

Opposition groups & political parties Some were revolutionary movements – wanted to bring down govt. using terrorism Populist movements like the People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya), planned to bring down govt. through terrorist acts (1881 – managed to assassinate Tsar Alexander II) Some did not want to destroy the govt., just wanted more parliamentary style system. Liberals, came mainly from middle classes. Wanted political reform not revolution, wanted parliamentary style system that would reduce tsar’s power, turn him into constitutional monarch. Towards end of 19thC / early 20thC new revolutionary parties emerged – centered around ideas of Karl Marx Karl Marx. COPY ME DOWN?

Opposition groups & political parties Nihilists Populists → People’s Will Kadets Anarchists Octobrists Socialist Revolutionary Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party → Bolsheviks & Mensheviks

Revolutionary Leaders & Figures

… Karl Marx Leon Trotsky Vladimir Lenin Julius Martov VICTOR CHERNOV ALEXANDER KERENSKY …

Vladimir Lenin & Leninism

Leninism Vladimir Lenin was influenced by & followed many of the ideas of Karl Marx. However, he also added to & modified the theories of Marxism, Socialism & Communism to explain what he believed should be done in Russia. His revolutionary philosophies are referred to as Marxism- Leninism. L believed there needed to be a small revolutionary party of professional, dedicated revolutionaries to lead the revolution. This party would act as the vanguard of the working class who would not attain a revolutionary consciousness without the party’s guidance.

Ideas - autocracy, liberalism, socialism, Marxism, Communism Groups – nobility, intelligentsia, Social Democrats, Bolsheviks/Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Constitutional Democrats

Revolutionary groups Read p.24-26 of your text book Answer q. 1-3