The Cold War Unit 9.1

Roots of the Cold War Differences between Communism & Democracy Re-organization of Europe after World War II

Cold War Begins The Iron Curtain: Close the East off from the West Soviet Satellites The Iron Curtain: Close the East off from the West

Containment Policy Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Aid offered to any country that would refuse the spread of Communism Massive aid given to war-torn Europe to rebuild Helped spread good-will toward U.S.

Divided Germany Berlin Airlift (result of Berlin Blockade)

NATO Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization Each NATO member pledged to defend every other member if attacked. Agreement between Soviet Union and its satellite nations Soviet response to NATO

Berlin Wall See video clip: Erected in 1961 to prevent East Germans from escaping to the West.

Containment in Asia China Korea China falls to Communism US prevents admission of China into United Nations Divided between Communist North Korea and non-Communist South Korea. US supportive of South Korea

Demilitarized Zone

Arms Race (massive retaliation) Space Race

Americans become concerned with internal security Cold War at Home Americans become concerned with internal security

House Un-American Activities Committee Rosenberg Trials House Un-American Activities Committee Investigated “un-American” activities Questioned actors, directors, writers, and others about possible Communist sympathies

McCarthy Hearings “McCarthyism” Another Red Scare / Witch Hunt No proof “The Crucible”

Civil Rights Movement Unit 9.2

Origins of Civil Rights Movement Many Americans believed it was wrong for America to pose as defender of freedom and democracy around the world while denying equality to many of its citizens at home.

Truman Years, 1945-1953 Jackie Robinson Called for civil rights laws Proposed civil rights legislation Demanded his inauguration be integrated Desegregated armed forces

Civil Rights Litigation Plessy v. Ferguson Sweatt v. Painter Segregation “separate-but-equal” was constitutional. Segregated Law School in Texas was did not meet “separate-but- equal” standard.

Brown v. Board of Education “Jim Crow” laws Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and marked the end of legal segregation in public schools. Desegregation should be conducted “with all deliberate speed.”

Civil Rights Clip

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956 Rosa Parks Court ruled that segregation on buses violated the “equal protection” clause of the 14th Amendment.

King's Reaction

Civil Rights Act of 1957 (voting rights) Gave federal courts the power to register African-American voters.

“Little Rock Nine” Governor ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround the all- white high school to prevent nine African-American students from entering the building. Little Rock Nine video clip

Sit-Ins & Freedom Rides (1960-1961) Sit at “whites only” lunch counters and refuse to leave unless served. Interracial groups rode buses in the South. video clip

King’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963 King stood for non-violent resistance Arrested for a march he led in Birmingham “everyone has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.” Letter explains the reasons why African could no longer patiently wait for their constitutional rights.

March on Washington, 1963 Organized to pressure Congress to pass the new Civil Rights bill that was then before Congress. A quarter of a million people attended Video clip

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or ethnic origin in hotels, restaurants, places of employment doing business with the federal government or engaged in interstate commerce.

24th Amendment (1964) Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated poll taxes in federal elections. Ended poll taxes Suspended literacy tests Led to an increase in the number of African-American voters.

Affirmative Action, 1965 Companies and institutions were required to actively recruit minority candidates. Led to reverse discrimination Mostly phased out now

Billy Graham Christian preacher and spiritual adviser to several U.S. Presidents Anti-Communist Bailed King out of jail and made a public tour with him in 1957 Advised Eisenhower to send federal troops to help little rock nine.