Arms Control and Disarmament Prof Arms Control and Disarmament Prof. Philip Yang National Taiwan University 2018/11/10

Controlling the Instruments of War Disarmament and arms control are often linked but are not synonymous. Disarmament means a reduction in the means to engage in war. Arms control involves mutual restraint and enhancing stability through the regulation of both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of arms competition. 2018/11/10

The history of disarmament 1817, under the terms of the Rush-Bagot treaty, Great Britain and the Unite States agreed to the demilitarization of the Great Lakes, an important step in the attitude of friendly confidence that has pervaded most U.S.-Canadian-British relations for 150 years. 2018/11/10

1967 Outer Space Treaty: nukes banned from Outer Space 1959 Antarctic treaty: banned deployment of nuclear weapons in Antarctica, 18 states parties, including US and SU 1963 Limited test ban treaty: no tests in space, under water, or in atmosphere 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco (Mexico): nukes banned from Latin America, except peaceful nuclear research, first attempt to establish NWFZ (nuclear weapon-free zone) 1967 Outer Space Treaty: nukes banned from Outer Space 2018/11/10

Nuclear Weapon The first fission weapons ("atomic bombs") were developed in the United States during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project, two were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. 2018/11/10

Fat Man 2018/11/10

Nuclear Fireball, U.S. 2018/11/10

Nuclear Arms Race The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear weapons between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies during the Cold War. 2018/11/10

Nuclear Deterrence Balance of Terror MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction First Strike and Second Strike Cuba Missile Crisis Reagan and Star Wars 2018/11/10

U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006

B-52 (U.S.) and Agni II (India) 2018/11/10

States with Nuclear Weapon Country Warheads Active/Total Year of first test United States 5,735/9,960 1945 Russia 5,830/16,000 1949 United Kingdom 200 1952 France 350 1960 PRC 130 1964 India 70-120 1974 Pakistan 30-52 1998 North Korea 1-10 2006 Israel 75-200 NA 2018/11/10

NPT The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an international treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968. There are 190 states party to the treaty. Only five states are not – India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea (withdrew), Taiwan. 2018/11/10

Three Pillars of NPT 1. Non Proliferation 2. Disarmament 3. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy 2018/11/10

First pillar: non-proliferation Five NWS agree not to transfer "nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices" and "not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce" a non-nuclear weapon state (NNWS) to acquire nuclear weapons (Article I). 2018/11/10

NNWS parties to the NPT agree not to "receive," "manufacture" or "acquire" nuclear weapons or to "seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons" (Article II). 2018/11/10

NNWS parties also agree to accept safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify that they are not diverting nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (Article III). 2018/11/10

Second Pillar: Disarmament Article VI asks all State Parties "to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control." 2018/11/10

Third Pillar: Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy The treaty recognizes the inalienable right of sovereign states to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, but restricts this right for NPT parties to be exercised "in conformity with Articles I and II" 2018/11/10

IAEA and Safeguards To further the goal of non-proliferation and as a confidence-building measure between States parties, the Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Safeguards are used to verify compliance with the Treaty through inspections conducted by the IAEA. 2018/11/10

1996 CTBT 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty No any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization, CTBTO (International Monitoring System, on-site inspection) Will not enter into force until 44 states ratify. 2018/11/10

Nuclear-Free Zone (NFZ) 1959 The Antarctic Treaty 1967 Outer Space Treaty 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco 1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty 1991 Treaty of Pelindaba (Africa) 1997 Treaty of Bangkok (ASEAN) 2018/11/10

1972 Biological Weapons Convention The BWC bans 1) the development, stockpiling, acquisition, retention, and production of a) biological agents and toxins, b) Weapons, equipment, and delivery vehicles Every 5 years: review conference Still 10 states have programs: Iran, Russia 2018/11/10

1993 Chemical Weapons Convention CWC bans chemical weapons and requires their destruction within a specified period of time. The CWC is implemented by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is headquartered in The Hague with almost 500 employees. 2018/11/10

US-Soviet Strategic Weapons 1969 SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, ABM 1979 SALTⅡ 1991 START I, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 1993 START Ⅱ 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, SORT 2018/11/10

1991 United Nations Register of Conventional Arms General Assembly adopted resolution "Transparency in armaments", which requested the Secretary-General to establish a Register of Conventional Arms, to include data on international arms transfers as well as information provided by Member States on military holdings, procurement and relevant policies. 2018/11/10

1997 Antipersonnel Landmines Treaty States-parties commit to not using, developing, producing, acquiring, retaining, stockpiling, or transferring anti-personnel landmines It entered into force on March 1, 1999. By 2002, 129 states had become party to the accord. United States, Russia and China, have not signed the treaty 2018/11/10

2001 Program of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects There are over 600 million small arms and light weapons (SALW) in circulation worldwide. Of 49 major conflicts in the 1990s, 47 were waged with small arms as the weapons of choice. Small arms are responsible for over half a million deaths per year, including 300,000 in armed conflict and 200,000 more from homicides and suicides. 2018/11/10

Discussion Question When the British Labour party advocated unilateral nuclear disarmament in its 1983 election manifesto, the manifesto was referred to as "the longest suicide note in history". Why did the idea of unilateral nuclear disarmament become an electoral liability? Do you support the idea of a nuclear free world, and if so do you see any other ways to achieve it? 2018/11/10