Genes and How they Work Chapter 15.

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Presentation transcript:

Genes and How they Work Chapter 15

The Nature of Genes Garrod Beadle and Tatum Francis Crick

Beadle and Tatum Experiment Used Neurospora crassa One gene/one polypeptide hypothesis

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA- RNA- Protein Transcription to translation Rule breakers? Retrovirusese Reverse Transcriptase

The Genetic Code Crick and Brenner Codons Spaced or Unspaced? Frameshift Deletions

Nirenberg Deciphered the Code http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/1/132e5720f3b37836571a1aeb9d163ac3/genetic_code.gif

Genetic Code Almost Universal So where is it not the same?

Transcription Template Strand Coding Strand mRNA Initiation Elongation Termination

Translation tRNA Takes place on the ribosome http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/translation.gif

Types of RNA mRNA- make RNA from DNA template rRNA- found in ribosomes tRNA-adapter molecule between mRNA and AA’s snRNA’s- involved in the nuclear processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA SRP RNA-mediate protein synthesis in eukaryote Micro-RNA- newly discovered

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Gene Expression Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Introns No introns Most genes have introns Number of genes in mRNA Several for each mRNA Only one gene per mRNA Site of Transcription and Translation No membrane bound nucleus- t and t are coupled Transcription in nucleus, outside nucleus for translation Initiation of Translation Begins at AUG preceded by special sequence that binds the ribosome Gegins at AUG preceded by the 5’ methylated GTP cap Modification of mRNA after transcription none Introns are removed, a 5; cap is added; poly A tail is added

Videos Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes Translation spliceosome

Words to know Promoter Terminator Operon

Spliceosome http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/sf13x8bc.jpg

Types of Mutations Point Mutations Chromosomal Mutations Bases substitution Missense vs nonsense Frameshift Chromosomal Mutations Deletions Duplications Inversions Translocations

Point Mutations http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/point_mutations.jpg

Chromosomal Mutations Page 300 in text

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