4.3 Intimacy Identity Authoritative Authoritarian Zygote Fetus Embryo Permissive Children know what’s best; strict rules aren’t necessary- this schema fits which parenting style? During this 2nd phase of prenatal development our major organs are formed. For Erikson, adolescents are looking to satisfy which task? Parents who discuss rules with their children; warmth and discipline are compatible Early Adults social task is to establish close, open relationships, or _________.

Adolescence

Adolescence between childhood and adulthood From puberty (the start of sexual maturation) to independence from parents Most dramatic Where you’re at now-

Physical Development in Adolescence

Puberty The period of sexual maturation where the person becomes capable of reproduction- hormones Starts at approximately age 11 in females age 13 in males Major growth spurt

Primary Sex Characteristics The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible Ovaries (females) & Testes (males)

Secondary Sex Characteristics Non-reproductive sexual characteristics Breasts and hips (ladies) Facial hair and voice changes (males)

Sexual Characteristics

Sexual Orientation One’s attraction toward people of a particular gender Usually heterosexual or homosexual 3-4 % males 1-2 % females

Formal Operational Stage Piaget’s final cognitive stage of Individual can think logically, hypothetically, and in the abstract Qualitative change over the thinking of a child Of the self Hypocrisy

Psychology-11/15 A child gets fooled by an older sibling to give her a $20 bill for 2 $1 bills. This child has not developed ___ and is still in the ____ stage according to Piaget. Name something that you have had to assimilate into an existing schema within the past couple of weeks. A highly responsive parent will more than likely have a child that is ____ attached. Is imprinting a human trait?

Morality

Lawrence Kohlberg 1927-87 Author of a three-stage theory on how moral reasoning develops

1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning Characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain reward (behavioral) Typically children under the age of 9

2. Conventional Moral Reasoning *fit in and play the role of a good citizen People have a strong desire to follow the rules and laws. Typical of most adults

3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning Characterized by references to universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people Most adults do not reach this level.

Scenario A man’s wife is suffering from a deadly disease. I researcher in Europe has found a cure in the form of a pill. The pill cost $2,000 and the man only has $1,000. He has bad credit and can’t get a loan and no other family or friends to help him. The researcher refuses to sell him the pill and his wife will die in the next week without it. He breaks into the research lab and steals the pill for his wife. Write out below each level on your sheet what someone would say about him stealing. For each one, give a for and against. “He shouldn’t have stolen because….” and “It was okay to steal because…”

Possible Answers Post-Conventional: “The man was justified because everyone has the right to live.” “The man was wrong because you should respect the property of other people no matter what.” Conventional: “The man was wrong because stealing breaks the law.” “The man was right because people do what they must to protect family.” Pre-Conventional: “The man was wrong because he can go to jail.” “The man was right to steal because he would get to be with his wife longer.”

Kolhberg’s Dilemmas Go to the website below and choose 1 of the dilemmas. Answer the questions that go with it on the website. For the dilemma, write out responses based upon each level of moral reasoning. http://ww3.haverford.edu/psychology/ddavis/p109g/kohlberg.dilemmas.html

Erik Erikson 1902-94 Constructed an 8-stage theory of social development Each stage has its own psychosocial, developmental task.

Identity vs. Role Confusion A strong, consistent sense of who and what a person is: Experimentation Rebellion “Self”-ishness Optimism and energy

Intimacy vs. Isolation A close, sharing, emotional, and honest relationship with other people primary task of early adulthood (Erikson) Not necessarily sexual

Independence Attachment moves from parents to peers Most families adjust seamlessly- less interaction often confrontational when there is any Family ties still prevail despite changing relationship(s)

Three Key Developmental Issues

1. Continuity and Stages How much of behavior is continuous and how much follows a more stage like development? Stages- Piaget (cognitive) Kohlberg (moral) & Erikson (social) Others examine gradual growth within stages

2. Stability and Change Which developmental traits remain stable over time, and which change? Temperament & Values  constant Relationships and behavior  volatile (middle school?)

3. Nature and Nurture How much of our behavior is due to nature and how much is due to nurture? Genetics – sexual feelings interests vs. society shaping one’s expression of sexuality