By: Taina and Bounitt Velez The Endocrine System By: Taina and Bounitt Velez

What is the Endocrine System? Responsible for the production and secretion of hormones that aid in controlling the body’s metabolic activities.

Three different sections of anatomy: Head and neck Upper torso Lower torso

Head and Neck Contains 4 glands and Hypothalamus. The 4 glands are: Parathyroid gland Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Hypothalamus Is a part of the brain that serves many different functions in the nervous system and is also responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary system. Contains special cells called neurosecretory cells that secrete hormones.

Made up of two separate structures: Posterior Pituitary Pituitary gland A small pea sized lump of tissue connected to the bottom portion of the hypothalamus. It is situated in the sphenoid bone. Made up of two separate structures: Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary

Posterior Pituitary Releases these two hormones, Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Oxytocin triggers the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and stimulates the production of breast milk. ADH prevents water loss in the body by increasing the uptake of water in kidneys and reducing blood flow.

Anterior Pituitary Produces 6 important hormones; Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Human growth hormone (HGH), and Prolactin (PRL). TSH: responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones. FSH: stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes;ova in females and sperm in males. LH: stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones, estrogen in females and testosterone in males. HGH: stimulates the growth, repair, and reproduction of cells in body. PRL: Stimulates the production of breast milk in mammary glands.

Pineal Gland A small pinecone shaped gland found towards the back of the hypothalamus. It produces the hormone Melatonin, which helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle known as the circadian rhythm.

Thyroid Gland Is a butterfly shaped gland located at the base of the neck and is wrapped around the trachea. Produces 3 hormones: Calcitonin Triiodothyronine (T3): Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin reduces the concentration of calcium ions in blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into the matrix of bones. T3 and T4 work together to regulate the body’s metabolic rate.

Parathyroid Gland Are 4 small masses of glandular tissue found on the back of the thyroid gland. Produces the hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in calcium ion homeostasis . It also triggers the kidneys to return calcium ions filtered out of the blood back to the bloodstream.

Upper Torso Thymus Gland: Is a soft, triangular-shaped organ found in the chest located behind the sternum. produces a hormone called thymosin that helps to train and develop T-lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood.

Different sections of anatomy: Gonads (testes or ovaries) Lower Torso Different sections of anatomy: Gonads (testes or ovaries) Adrenal glands Pancreas

Gonads Testes Ovaries A pair of organs located in the scrotum of males. Produces the hormone testosterone at the start of puberty for males. testosterone controls the growth and development of the sex organs and body hair of males. located in the pelvic body cavity on top of the uterus in females. Produces the two hormones progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone is active the most during ovulation and pregnancy. It provides the right conditions in the body to support a developing fetus. Estrogen is the main female sex hormone. It deals with the development of the uterus and breasts. It also affects growth of hair and is what gives females their proportions.

A pair of triangular glands on top of the kidneys. Adrenal Glands A pair of triangular glands on top of the kidneys. Made up of two layers: Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla

Adrenal Glands cont. Adrenal cortex: Produces hormones in 3 classes. Glucocorticoids: breakdown proteins and lipids to produce glucose. Also reduces inflammation and immune response. Mineralocorticoids: group of hormones that regulate the concentration of mineral ions in body. Androgens: regulate the growth and activity of cells that are receptive to male hormones. EX. Testosterone Adrenal Medulla: produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are associated with the fight or flight response.

Pancreas A large gland located in the abdominal cavity that is underneath and behind the stomach. considered a heterocrine gland since it contains both endocrine and exocrine tissue. 2 types of cells—alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells: produces glucagon, which raises blood sugar levels. Beta cells: produces the hormone insulin to lower blood sugar levels.

References http://www.biology- online.org/dictionary/Endocrine_system http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html