Open your Gregor Mendel and Genetics Notes.

Gregor Mendel The Father of Genetics

Heredity- is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Genes are a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait During meiosis genes separate. The result is sex cells have one form of a gene for each trait. When egg and sperm unite the new offspring receives two versions of each gene.

The Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel was from Austria and was a monk. He worked as the monastery's gardener and experimented with pea plants. He is called the father of Genetics because he was the 1st person to explain heredity.

P: Tall x short F1: All Tall F2: Some Tall, Some short Cross Pollinate Self-Pollinate F2: Some Tall, Some short

Pea plants grow quickly They are able to self-pollinate. Mendel used pea plants for several reasons: Pea plants grow quickly They are able to self-pollinate. Self-pollination- one plants fertilizes itself, pollen meets eggs from the same plant. (This means it is the same genetic information being used.) Pea plants can also cross-pollinate. Cross-pollination- one plant fertilizes another plant, takes 2 flowers, pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of another plant. (This means there is different genetic information being used.) They are true-breeding plants. That means that all the offspring will have the same traits as the parent. No blends or combos. (This or that)

Allele- different forms of a gene Example: Trait = flower color Trait= Seed shape Alleles = purple/white Alleles= round/wrinkled

Traits are inherited in predictable patterns. The Law of Dominance: Draw Conclusions: Traits are inherited in predictable patterns. The Law of Dominance: An organism receives two genes for each trait. One of the genes may be “stronger”; the trait of a “stronger” gene shows up and is called dominant. The trait of the “weaker” gene is hidden or not expressed and is called recessive.

Dominant traits- a trait that will always show up when it is present. Recessive traits- a trait that will be “masked” or “hidden” when dominant trait is present.

Predicting Inheritance and Traits Genes- set of instructions for an inherited trait. Allele- alternative forms of a gene the govern a characteristic You will get 2 alleles from your parents… one from Mom and one from Dad. What is expressed depends on whether those alleles are dominant or recessive.

Probability Probability- math that helps predict the chances something will occur Mendel increased his chances of seeing a repeatable pattern by working with over 30,000 pea plants in eight years. Scientific research is based on repeatable results.

Using a Punnett Square A punnett square is a tool used for predicting how alleles will combine. DOMINANT ALLELLES ARE REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS recessive alleles are represented by lower case letters

Homozygous- having two identical alleles for a trait Example: TT or tt Heterozygous- having two different alleles for a trait Example: Tt

Genotype- genetic makeup of an organism’s trait Example: Ww, WW, or ww Phenotype- an organism’s physical appearance or visible traits as a result of their genotype Example: purple white

Cross a Homozygous purple plant with a white plant. Trait: T- t- Possible Outcomes Genotype: Phenotype:

Cross a heterozygous purple pea plant with a white pea plant. Trait: T- t- Possible Outcomes Genotype: Phenotype:

Homework: Punnett Square Practice with Sponge Bob Homework: Punnett Square Practice with Sponge Bob. Try your best on all the questions but do it all… I’m grading your attempt and your work.

The passing of traits from parents to offspring. Different forms of a gene. Father of Genetics Fertilization occurs from genetic material on the same plant Pea flower color

(DNA, Genetic information, chromosomes, nitrogen bases, ribosomes) Use the following terms to complete the concept map below. (DNA, Genetic information, chromosomes, nitrogen bases, ribosomes) are composed of which are made in which carries in the order of 1. proteins 2. 5. 3. 4.