Concepte de bază ale tehnologiei informaţiei

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Presentation transcript:

Concepte de bază ale tehnologiei informaţiei ECDL Modulul 1 Concepte de bază ale tehnologiei informaţiei

Cuprins Hardware şi software Date şi programe Tipuri de sisteme de calcul Reţele (Networks) Calculatoarele şi societatea

Hardware Tot ce puteţi atinge!

Dispozitive periferice 1 Input or output?

Dispozitive periferice 2 Input sau output?

Software Programe sau “aplicaţii” Sistemul de operare (SO) Birou (office) – procesare de texte; prezentări Internet – web browsing; email Financiar – contabilitate; salarizare Gestiunea datelor – baze de date Specializate – “controlul” sistemelor de calcul Jocuri! Sistemul de operare (SO)

Funcţiunile SO Comandă CPU şi perifericele Crează “interfaţa” utilizator GUI – Graphical User Interface ex. Windows XP, Windows Vista MacOS Oferă servicii pentru programe Interfaţa utilizator Accesul la memoria internă Memorarea datelor pe hard disk Tipărirea

Etapele dezvoltării aplicaţiilor Proiectare Testare Analiza sistemului Specificare cerinţe Programarea 3 5 2 1 4

Funcţionarea calculatorului Input Process Output

Procesarea datelor Executată de CPU (Central Processing Unit) Calcule – adunare, inmultire, sau, ... Controlul execuţiei – “If… then…” Gestiunea memoriei interne, externe şi a dispozitivelor periferice Viteza măsurată în Gigahertz (GHz)

Memoria externă (Disk drive) Copie de siguranţă pe bandă Procesor (CPU) Memoria externă (Disk drive) Memoria (RAM) Permanentă Copie de siguranţă pe bandă Temporară

Tipuri de Memorie – RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Temporară Programele active Datele prelucrate Documente, foi de calcul etc. Rezultate etc.

Tipuri de Memorie – ROM Read-only Memory (ROM) Permanentă Programul de start ( “Booting up”) Programe speciale “incorporate” Washing machines, mobile phones

Bit şi byte 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Bit – 0 or 1 Byte – 8 biţi – 1 caracter

Bigger bytes! Kilobyte (Kb) – 1024 bytes Megabyte (Mb) – 1024 Kb Gigabyte (Gb) – 1024 Mb Terabyte (Tb) – 1024 Gb

Memoria externă Disc dur Hard disk drive – 20 to 250Gb Sistemul de operare Programe ex. Word, Excel Date – documente, foi de calcul, baze de date Fişiere temporare

Memoria externă Suporturi de memorie: Floppy disk – 1.44Mb >500 pagini document, fotografii CD – 740Mb. fotografii; pachete de programe ; DVD – 4,700Mb/4.7Gb. filme ZIP disk – 100 or 200Mb. Salvări de siguranţă Tape (DAT) – 5 to 250Gb. Backup ptr. disc

Tipuri de sisteme de calcul Calculator de buzunar Mainframes PC şi laptop 3 1 2

Calculatoare de buzunar PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) şi Organiser Uşor de “cărat” Ieftine ($150-$800) Carte de telefon, adrese, notiţe, etc. Versiuni reduse ale aplicaţiilor PC

PC şi Laptop ( Notebook) PC = Personal Computer Relativ ieftin ($400-$1,500) Pot funcţiona independent sau în reţea (ca terminale) Laptop - PC portabil – ceva mai scumpe ($1200-$3,500)

Mainframe “Inima” unei reţele de mari Multe procesoare şi multa memorie Sisteme complexe Foarte scumpe ($200,000+)

Reţele (Networks) LAN – Local Area Networks WAN – Wide Area Networks Intranet Extranet

LAN Local! Sisteme dintr-un birou, laborator, cladire Conexiune prin fir sau radio Calculatorul central controlează accesul Denumire uzuală Intranet

Exemplu de LAN Wireless router Server Client Switch

WAN Mai multe cladiri sau locatii interconectate conectate Linii închiriate sau legaturi directe (cu viteze mari de transfer) Mai multe servere şi reţele LAN Internetul este o reţea WAN publică

Conectarea la Internet Ce avem nevoie pentru conectare? ISP Internet Service Provider Computer personal Linie telefonică Internet Modem

Internet şi Conexiuni (bandwidth) 1 1 1 Legături uzuale PSDN – Public Switched Data Network Lente (<56Kbps) Fax ADSL – Asynchronous Data Subscriber Line Mai rapide Folosesc linii PSDN

Conexiuni Internet rapide Broadband – “fat pipes” ADSL si modemuri Linii închiriate Viteze mari (512Kbps-10Mbps) 1 1 1 1

Bandwidth – “viteza” 3 2 1 4 Megabit per second (Mbps) Kilobit per second (Kbps) Bit per second (bps) Gigabit per second (Gbps) 3 2 1 4

Utilizarea Internetului Web browsing – Internet Explorer, Netscape Email – Hotmail, Outlook Express, Eudora Chat – MSN Messenger Newsgroups Blog Servicii complete – AOL; MSN

Calculatorul în societate Aplicaţii uzuale in: Administrare afacerilor mici – letters, mailings, budgeting Spitale – îregistrari medicale, echipament special Educaţie – inregistrarea notelor, prezenta, tutoriat Biblioteci – gestiunea materialelor Magazine – Terminale POS (ElectronicPOintofSale) Acasă – Internet, jocuri

Aplicaţii “nedorite” Hacking & viruses Copyright Securitate şi parole Prelucrarea datele legale Data Protection Act 1998 Computer Misuse Act 1990

Protecţia muncii”? Utilizarea monitorului (): Pauze regulate (10 minutes pauza /ora) Amplasarea corectă Exerciţii pentru ochi Scaun ergonomic şi poziţia corectă Cabluri şi echipament electric