Semester Exam Review Part I AP Human Geography Semester Exam Review Part I

Chapter 1 Globalization Regions- perceptual, formal, functional US World Geographic terminology Hemispheres, latitude, longitude Maps and projections Scale Peters’ Projection

Chapter 2 Population

What to remember about population 1. Where do people live around the world? 2. How do we measure population? 3. What can we learn from growth rates? 4. How does demography change? 5. What is the composition of population? 6. How do governments affect population?

1. Where do people live around the world? East Asia- about 1/3 of world population China and India hold over 1 billion people each Europe- concentrated in cities Not agricultural anymore North America- concentrated in the megalopolis regions 80 % of population live in the LDCs All of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America, and the island nations of the Caribbean and the Pacific

2. How do we measure population? Population Density Total population relative to land size Physiologic Population Density Number of people per unit of arable land Population Distribution Changing scale to compare around the world World Population Density Example: dot maps

Population Density Physiologic Population Density

3. What can we learn from growth rates? Growth rates exceed 3% in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa Increases the doubling time = large population growth World population growth Over 7 billion now… TFR To maintain stability and replacement levels, TFR needs to be around 2.1 Varying growth rates over time Changes in population planning programs Health care reform Government restrictions

3. What can we learn from growth rates? Thomas Malthus Warned of a population time bomb. He said that population growth was growing exponentially and resources were not… Neo-Malthusians Present day people who follow a similar line of thinking like Malthus did.

4. How does demography change? The Demographic Transition Model- DTM Stage 1- Low growth (high BR, high DR) Stage 2- High growth (high BR, drastic decline DR) Stage 3- Moderate growth (decline BR, decline DR) Stage 4- Low or stationary growth (low BR, low DR) Stage 5- Negative growth (BR too low, low DR) Birth rate, death rate, mortality rate, RNI All affect which stage a country will be in Strive for stage 4- stationary growth

4. How does demography change? Population growth BR-DR Demographic change BR-DR+immigration-emigration

5. What is the composition of population? Gender and Age Distribution Population pyramids Being able to read the pyramid, and assume what stage of the DTM the country would be in, and possibly guess what country it is Pyramid shape- poorer country More even distribution- wealthier country Life Expectancy Reflected in the pyramids Gender and Age Structure Can be affected by historical events, and can be shown in the pyramids

6. How do governments affect population? Population Planning Health care reform Birth control Population Policies Expansive- encourage growth Eugenic- favoring one racial or cultural group over another Restrictive- range from tolerating birth control methods to prohibition of large families Example: China’s One-Child Policy

Chapter 3 Migration

What to remember about migration 1. What are the types of migration? 2. Why do people migrate? 3. Where do people migrate? 4. How can governments affect migration?

1. What are the types of migration? Cyclic Periodic International If fleeing, then the person is an international refugee Internal If fleeing, then the person is an internal refugee Emigration Immigration

2. Why do people migrate? Push and Pull Factors Economic conditions Environmental conditions Political situations War Culture and/or race Forced Voluntary Step migration Chain migration

3. Where do people migrate? Globally Exploration, colonization Atlantic Slave Trade To core countries Regionally Short term economic opportunities Get away from political conflict or war Nationally Internal Small town to large cities

4. How can governments affect migration? Legal restrictions Immigration Laws Quotas Can be due to world events Selective immigration

Chapter 4 culture

What to remember about culture 1. What are the kinds of culture? 2. How does culture diffuse? 3. How are cultures sustained? 4. How can culture be seen on the landscape?

1. What are the kinds of culture? Folk culture Local culture Urban Rural Popular culture

2. How does culture diffuse? Diffusion Expansion Contagious Stimulus Hierarchical Relocation Distance Decay The likelihood of diffusion decreases as time and distance from the hearth increases More for local cultures Time-Space Compression The likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness among places More for popular cultures

3. How are cultures sustained? Customs Maintaining customs Traditions Unique to the culture Material and Nonmaterial culture Defining what is important Globalization Spreading the word; tourism Commodification Tourism Authenticity Uniqueness

4. How can cultures be seen on the landscape? Anything to maintain or uphold the cultural uniqueness Religious affiliations, restaurants, stores, names of places Being taken over by placelessness