Size comparison: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic See picture of Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic size difference in Table 4.2 p. 101 Principal Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Table 4.2

Arrangements Pairs: Diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: Staphylococci Chains: Streptococci, streptobacilli Figures 4.1a, 4.1d, 4.2b, 4.2c

Basic Shapes Bacillus (rod-shaped) Coccus (spherical) Spiral Spirillum Vibrio Spirochete Figures 4.1a, 4.2a, 4.2d, 4.4a, 4.4b, 4.4c

The Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell Fig. 4.6 p. 79 Foundation Figure The Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell Figure 4.6

Axial Filaments Also called endoflagella or periplasmic flagella In spirochetes only The spirochetes are a … unique group of bacteria. This phylum contains not only many medically important species such as Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi but others live inside arthropods such as termites and some that are free-living and reside in soil and water. http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/182/23/6698 Individual AF can be anchored at one end or the other of a cell. Rotation causes the cell to move. Figure 4.10a

Fimbriae and Pili: Made of a different protein (pilin) than flagella and are shorter, thinner, straighter. Fimbriae allow attachment: Important for some diseases (gonorrhea and E.coli 0157:H7) and biofilms. Fig. 4.11 b p. 84 Fimbriae. The fimbriae seem to bristle from this E. coli cell, which is beginning to divide. Figure 4.11

Pili: Some are used for movement and others for transfer of DNA Yikes! Resistance! Fig. 8.26 p. 237 Bacterial conjugation.

Peptidoglycan Linked by polypeptides Fig. 4.13 a p. 85 Bacterial cell walls Small arrows are where penicillin interferes with linking of peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross bridges. Figure 4.13a

Gram Positive Cell Wall Many layers of peptidoglycan Fig. 4.13 b p. 85 Bacterial cell walls. A gram-positive cell wall.

Impetigo and Necrotizing fasciitis flesh-eating disease) Fig. 21.4 Lesions of Impetigo p. 593 – caused by Staph aureus Fig. 21.8 Necrotizing fasciitis due to group A streptococci p.595

Gram-Negative Cell Wall Fig. 4.13 c p. 85 Gram-negative cell wall details Figure 4.13c

The Plasma Membrane Fig. 4.14 p. 90 -as viscous as olive oil Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Fig. 4.14 Plasma membrane p. 89 Figure 4.14b

The Principle of Osmosis Fig. 4. 18 p The Principle of Osmosis Fig. 4.18 p. 93 The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration Fig. 4.18 The principle of osmosis Figure 4.18c–e

The Prokaryotic Ribosome Protein synthesis 70S 50S + 30S subunits Figure 4.19

Sporulation and Germination Fig. 4.21 Formation of endospores by sporulation p. 96 Figure 4.21a

The Eukaryotic Cell Fig. 4.22 Eukaryotic cells showing typical structures p. 98 Figure 4.22a

Endosymbiotic Theory Fig. 10.2 p. 275 A model of the origin of some eukaryotic organelle Figure 10.2

Q&A Penicillin was called a “miracle drug” because it doesn’t harm human cells. Why doesn’t it?