Andrew Jackson: 1767 - 1845 VAGLIO

Champion of the “Common Man”? Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

What were the democratic trends in the 19c?

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Why Increased Democratization? White male suffrage increased Party nominating committees. Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. Spoils system. Rise of Third Parties. Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) Democrats (1828)

Jackson's Early Life

Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence

First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson During the Seminole Wars

Jackson's First Presidential Run

The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate

William H. Crawford [GA] Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

Yankee Misfit in the White House Characteristics Puritanical honor – Great popularity Plans for Administration Construction of roads, canals, national university, astronomical observatory Means higher tariffs Cherokee were dealt with fairly by JQA – but Georgia resisted those attempts of equal treatment

States Expand Voting Rights Under John Q. Adams – voting rights expanded because many states eliminated property qualifications 1824 election 355, 000 Americans voted or 26.9% of the electorate 1828 1.1 million Americans voted or 57.6% of the electorate voted – giving A Jackson the presidency

What were the key issues in 1828?

Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

1828 Election Results

The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

Jacksonian Revolution Jackson won the popular vote and the EC Jackson received support from the South and West while New England States liked Adams Political gravity shifting away from the north – (Essex Junto/ Hartford convention anyone?) Adams still had a great political career – getting elected to the House of Reps

People’s President Orphaned at the age of 14 Received little formal education Elected to represent TN in congress before the age of 30 Famous for the Battle of New Orleans in the 1812 War Captured Spanish Florida – Took part in 5 duels killing 1 of his adversaries

Advent of Old Hickory Personal Battles Characteristics Dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, lead poisoning Characteristics Rough, jack of all trades, genuine folk hero Violent temper, got into many duels From the west – lived in a fine Mansion (the Hermitage) Ignored the Supreme Court on Occasion – used the veto 12 times “Inaugeral Bowl” King Mob

The New “Jackson Coalition” The Planter Elite in the South People on the Frontier State Politicians – spoils system Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

The Reign of “King Mob”

Andrew Jackson as President

The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

Cabinet Crisis & National Set Back “Matty” or the “Little Magician” “Eaton Malaria” Maysville Road Veto

The Tariff Issue

Nullification Crisis Tariff of Abominations – 1828 --- many South Carolinians threatened to secede John C. Calhoun – The South Carolina Exposition and Protest Robert Hayne (SC) & Daniel Webster (MA) Debates Jackson Position – “Our Federal Union is tmust be Preserved”

Congresses passes the Tariff of 1832 – considerably less on the % of tax on imports SC not satisfied --- adopted an Ordinance of Nullification Jackson considers this treason – orders a war ship to Charleston FORCE BILL Henry Clay – Great Compromiser

1832 Tariff Conflict 1828 --> “Tariff of Abomination” 1832 --> new tariff South Carolina’s reaction? Jackson’s response? Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

The Nullification Issue

Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] The Webster-Hayne Debate Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

1830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

Jackson's Native-American Policy

Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. GA (1832) Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

The Cherokee Nation After 1820

Indian Removal

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank

Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

The National Bank Debate President Jackson Nicholas Biddle

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. felt that coin was the only safe currency. didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

The “Monster” Is Destroyed! “pet banks”? 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States. 1836  the charter expired. 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

Jackson & BUS Jackson regarded the bank as a monopoly that benefited the wealthy Jackson crushes the BUS Removed Federal Money from BUS and placed it in state banks (PET BANKS) ---- WILD CAT BANKS BUS – called in loans and stopped lending (Nicholaus Biddle) Leads to Panic of 1837

The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”?

1832 Election Results Main Issue?

The Specie Circular (1836) “wildcat banks.” buy future federal land only with gold or silver. Jackson’s goal?

Results of the Specie Circular Banknotes loose their value. Land sales plummeted. Credit not available. Businesses began to fail. Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

New Party Emerges KING ANDREW – a new party emerged to oppose him --- WHIGS – named after the party in England that worked to reduce the power of a monarch Platform – larger federal gov’t, industrial and commercial development, 1836 Election – Martin VanBuren defeated 3 Whigs

The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Retirement

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845

Van Buren Presidency – Panic of 1837 – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Highest unemployment in American History Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Tyler – his Accidency Third Bank? Webster – Asburton Treaty