Ecology I Ecology II Name that Biome by Climatograph Biodiversity I Biodiversity II 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500

Three levels of Biodiversity $100 Three levels of Biodiversity

Latitudinal gradient = species richness increases towards the equator $200 Latitudinal gradient = species richness increases towards the equator

a. Intraspecific competition (High population density = increased competition) b. Interspecific competition (competitive exclusion or species coexistence)

$300 a. individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources b. the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled (competition)

Fundamental niche Realized niche

This is the definition of the 10% Rule. $400 This is the definition of the 10% Rule.

Each trophic level contains only 10% of the energy of the trophic level below it

$500 a species has a strong or wide-reaching ecological impact far out of proportion to its abundance

Keystone Species

$100 A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at lower trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check. <May become apparent when a top predator is eliminated from a system.>

Trophic Cascade

$200 Succession = predictable series of changes in a community following a disturbance. Succession type when disturbance eliminates all vegetation and/or soil life b. Succession type when disturbance dramatically alters, but does not destroy, all local organisms; the remaining organisms form “building blocks” for the next population species

a. Primary succession b. Secondary succession

a. the community resulting from successful succession $300 a. the community resulting from successful succession b. the first species to arrive in a primary succession area (ex, lichens)

a. Climax community b. Pioneer species

$400 Non-native (exotic) organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community; growth-limiting factors (predators, disease, etc.) are removed or absent; have major ecological effects

Invasive species

The world’s largest Ecological Restoration project. $500 The world’s largest Ecological Restoration project.

Florida Everglades

$100

Temperature Deciduous Forest

$200

Savanna

$300

Taiga (Boreal forest)

$400

Desert

$500

Temperate grasslands (prairie, steppe)

Trend that species richness increases towards the equator $100 Trend that species richness increases towards the equator

Latitudinal gradient

$200 a. occurs when the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist b. the disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally

a. Extinction b. Extirpation

Extinction is a natural process $300 Extinction is a natural process Paleontologists estimate 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct Natural rate of extinctions for a variety of reasons During this period, we may lose more than half of all species 1 extinction per 1 to 10 million species for mammals and marine species 1 species out of 1,000 mammal and marine species would go extinct every 1,000 to 10,000 years

a. Background rate of extinction b. Quaternary Period

An updated list of species facing high risks of extinctions $400 An updated list of species facing high risks of extinctions (23% of mammal species, 12% of bird species, 31 - 86% of all other species)

The Red List

Minimum of three free ecosystem/biodiversity services $500 Minimum of three free ecosystem/biodiversity services

Food, shelter, fuel Purifies air and water, detoxifies wastes Stabilizes climate, moderates floods, droughts, wind, temperature Generates and renews soil fertility and cycles nutrients Pollinates plants and controls pests and disease Maintains genetic resources Provides cultural and aesthetic benefits Allows us to adapt to change The annual value of just 17 ecosystem services = $16 - 54 trillion per year

$100 forbids government and private citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats

Endangered Species Act (1973) (ESA) As of 2007, the U.S. had 1,312 species listed as endangered or threatened

Three ways that humans can help to protect biodiversity $200 Three ways that humans can help to protect biodiversity

Captive breeding – bred and raised with the intent of reintroducing them into the wild; Zoos and botanical gardens; Some reintroductions are controversial Cloning – a technique to create more individuals and save species from extinction Habitat Protection

$300 An area that supports an especially great diversity of species, particularly species that are endemic to the area

Biodiversity HOTSPOTS There are 34 global biodiversity hotspots 2.3% of the planet’s land surface contains 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of all terrestrial vertebrate species

Three different methods for harvesting trees during deforestation $400 Three different methods for harvesting trees during deforestation

1. Seed-tree cutting = a small number of seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed the area 2. Shelterwood cutting = a small number of trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings 3. Selection systems = only select trees are cut Single tree selection = widely spaced trees are cut Group tree selection = small patches of trees are cut

$500 A theory that was initially applied to oceanic islands to explain how species come to be distributed among them - Predicts an island’s species richness based on the island’s size and distance from the mainland Large islands contain more species than small islands Fewer species colonize an island far from the mainland Large islands have higher immigration rates Large islands have lower extinction rates

Equilibrium theory of island biogeography

Final Jeopardy The clearing and loss of forests b) Natural forest uncut by people Little remained by the 20th century c) Grown to partial maturity after old- growth timber has been cut

Deforestation Primary forest Second-growth trees