Explain two things that must happen before a cell can divide (mitosis) SIT IN A SEAT WHERE YOU CAN FOCUS! STUDY STUDY STUDY -You got many study materials today- Use them!!!
Testing Announcements EOC is 75 multiple choice and technology enhanced questions You have 2.5-4 hours to complete the test Will count for 20% of your final grade 1/18 at 7:15 AM NO: Food, drink, cell phones, tablets, headphones, fitbits, apple watches, google watches, or any other electronics allowed in the testing room I will collect them and keep them for the entire testing period I am not allowed to give your electronics back until the entire school is finished testing Even if our room is finished…no electronics, headphones, phones, music etc. Any testing violation may mean the entire class has to come back and take the exam again- don’t be that person!
Plan for Today Mitosis and Cell Cycle Review Biotechnology and Bacteria Review Review Practice Problems Study strategies!
Cell Cycle The cell cycle refers the stages a cell goes through in its life The longest phase is interphase G1- growth S- DNA replication G2- more growth Interphase is when the cell is preparing for division There are checkpoints during interphase to see if the cell is healthy enough to divide If not…apoptosis (cell suicide)
Mitosis The goal of mitosis is to make 2 identical cells with the exact same genetic information This can occur during times of growth, to repair an injury, or replace old cells Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase are the phases of mitosis where the cell ensures each new cell gets an equal amount of DNA
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis refers to the splitting of the cytoplasm This is when the two new cells made during mitosis and physically separated and official become two new functioning cells
Mitosis Vs. Meiosis Happens in body cells Happens in ovaries/testes 1 round of division 2 rounds of division Makes genetically identical cells Makes unique cells each time (crossing over, independent assortment) Used for growth, repair, maintenance Used for the production of sex cells Makes 2, diploid cells (46) Makes 4, haploid cells (23)
Bacteria Adaptations Bacteria are prokaryotic cells but have a cell membrane, DNA, and ribosomes Also contain a cell wall as an extra layer of protection Have flagella or cilia that allow the cell to move Can form endospores which is a very resistant protective coat Reproduce asexually- faster, but less genetic variation We can exploit their quick reproduction for human use
Biotechnology Techniques Transgenic organisms- takes foreign DNA and puts it into another organism (plants, animals, bacteria) Gel Electrophoresis/DNA fingerprinting- compares DNA sequences for paternity testing or uses in forensics Bacterial transformation- a way to make a transgenic organism and get a desired protein product Cloning- creates an identical organism, cell, or organ
Transgenic Organisms Takes a gene from one organism and puts it into another Example: Genetically modified organisms In agriculture: make a tomato plant with genes that make it resistant to pesticides In industry: create a bacteria cell with the gene for insulin so it can produce insulin for the treatment of diabetes
Gel Electrophoresis A technique used to separate DNA fragments by size Each person’s DNA fragments are unique, so it is an easy way to compare DNA fragments Has uses in evolution, forensics, paternity testing BIGGER DNA fragments travel shorter distances, SMALLER DNA fragments travel further The smallest DNA fragment will be at the bottom of the gel
Bacteria Transformation 1. A desired gene is isolated from a human cell (gene for insulin) 2. That gene is cut out with restriction enzymes 3. A plasmid (circular DNA) is taken from a bacteria cell and cut with the same restriction enzymes 4. The insulin gene is glued into the bacterial plasmid 5. The plasmid is inserted back into the bacteria cell 6. The bacteria cell goes through protein synthesis (DNAmRNAprotein) and creates insulin 7. The insulin is collected and used in the treatment of diabetes
Bacterial Transformation
Cloning Used to create new organisms, cells, or organs The hope is cloning can be used to create organs or tissues for people needed transplants Obviously there are some ethical concerns to consider
Study Strategies Concept Maps Flash Cards Quizlets Quiz a friend Explain concepts to yourself/someone else www.bozemanscience.com/biology-main-page/ Youtube videos (Bozeman is my favorite) Definitions Draw diagrams for each concept Flip through old PowerPoints from website Re-read homework packets Rewrite notes with colored markers www.khanacademy.org/science/biology